Topic A - Introduction of human body and cell biology Flashcards
what is the configuration of carbohydrates?
Cn H2n On (1:2:1)
what are the 3 functions of carbohydrates? give eg for each function and type of carbohydrate involved in funvtion
(PCS)
1• Primary fuel/energy source
(eg. Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose)
2• Cell structure such as Cellulose in
plant, Chitin in animal)
(eg. Disaccharides: maltose, sucrose)
* Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) and Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)
3• Stored energy in plants (eg. Starch in potatoes, glycogen in animal)
Polysaccharides ▫ Cellulose ▫ Chitin ▫ Starch ▫ glycogen
what are monosaccharides?
As the simplest form of sugar, they can’t be further split or hydrolysed into smaller carbohydrates
usually colourless, water-soluble and crystalline
solids
building blocks of more complex carbohydrates
Eg. glucose, (simple sugar) fructose (in fruits)
what are disaccharides? give eg
two monosaccharides covalently linked
eg Sucrose=Glucose + Fructose
(In common table sugar)
Maltose=Glucose + Glucose
(Two glucose molecules)
what are Oligosaccharides?
a few (3-20) monosaccharides covalently linked
what are Polysaccharides? give eg
polymers (100s – 1000s) consisting of chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide units.
Complex molecules of with multiple monosaccharide units held by glycosidic linkages.
Occur in linear chains (e.g. cellulose) or branched chains (e.g. glycogen)
Examples: starch and cellulose made by plants.
what are Homopolysaccharides. give functions and eg.
Consists only one type of monosaccharide units
Functions:
1. Storage
2. Structural elements in plants (cell walls)
and animal exoskeleton
Examples (locations): 1. Starch (stored energy in plants) 2. Glycogen (stored extra carbohydrate in liver as quick energy) 3. Cellulose (cell walls in plants) 4. Chitin (outer-skeleton in animals eg. Lobster, shrimps)
what are lipids and what is their configuration?
• Biological compounds that are largely hydrocarbon in nature
When oxidised during metabolism, can yield large amounts of
energy
C H O
1: >2: 1
what are the 7 functions of lipids? give eg
EFPTEHA
1.excellent energy reserves
(fat in humans)
2.form the structure of cell membranes
- provide padding around organs
eg visceral fat - provide (thermal) insulation for our body
- are essential fatty acids (EFA) Fish oil (eg. salmon,
cod) Flax seed oil, Almonds, Walnuts, Eggs etc. - involved in hormone synthesis
eg Lipid hormones such as Testosterone (male
characteristics); Oestrogen (female characteristics &
controls menstrual cycle) - Assist in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamin A. Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K) are absorbed with lipids from
food into lymph then travel around the body to be stored in fatty tissues and/or the liver. Without lipids, these vitamins can’t be absorbed by the body
what are proteins and its configuration?
Proteins are highly complex nitrogenous substances
essential for all living systems.
perform many enzymatic functions, structural and
other roles in living systems.
They consist of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
configuration: C H O N
what happens when a protein becomes denatured? give eg
A denatured protein is biologically inactive, and it is usually less water soluble.
The denaturation process is usually irreversible.
Example – if egg albumin is heated, it coagulates to form a white solid (an irreversible process).
Cataract – denatured protein in the eye (uv, aging, etc)
what are the 8 functions of protein? give eg
CSCDRTSS
- Catalysis (eg. enzyme, maltose, amylase)
- Structure (eg. hair)
- cell movement (eg. hormone)
- Defense (eg. antibody. the blood clotting proteins, fibrinogen and thrombin prevent excessive blood loss when blood vessels are damaged)
- Regulation (eg. insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels)
- Transport (eg. haemoglobin)
- Storage (eg. Egg/albumin rich sources of organic nitrogen during development.)
- Stress Response
e. g cytochrome P450, a diverse group of enzymes found in animals and plants that usually convert a variety of toxic organic contaminants into less toxic derivatives
what are the 2 functions of nucleic acids? give eg
PH
- Protein synthesis
eg RNA (ribonucleic acid)
-Single stranded (one chain of nucleotide) - Hereditary information (pass on traits)
eg. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- Double stranded/double helix formation
- Linked through covalent and hydrogen bonds
what is a Eukaryotic cell?
Plants and animals cells with a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles
what is a Prokaryotic cell?
▫ Unicellular organism without a nucleus and
membrane
-enclosed organelles (eg. Bacteria)
What organelles do all cells have?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria & genetic materials (DNA) inside nucleus
What organelles are only found in plant cells?
Cell wall, chloroplast (contain chlorophyll that enable photosynthesis)
What are the 3 functions of nucleus?
- controls cell functions (control center)
- Contain genetic materials in the form of chromosomes
- Site of transcription – mRNA synthesis
What is the function of nucleolus?
site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and
ribosome assembly
what is the function of ribosome? briefly describe how protein is formed
Ribosome synthesize and make protein
protein is contained in small vesicle – received by Golgi body – hold protein into usable shape/bind with
carbohydrate/lipid
What is the function of Cytoplasm ?
jelly like substance that contains cell organelles
What is the function of lysosome?
Digestive organelles that break down cellular debris using enzymes.
Important in autophagy (consumption of the body’s own tissue ) and phagocytosis (ingestion of bacteria or other material )
What is the function of Mitochondria?
Produce energy (ATP) through cellular aerobic respiration (TCA cycle)
what are epithelial tissues? what are their functions and locations?
tissue that lines and covers all body surfaces
functions: • Protection • Secretion • Absorption • Sensation
locations: • Squamous (lungs, blood vessels) • Cuboidal (glands, kidney) • Columnar (digestive tract) • Epithelial (skin)
what are connective tissues? what do they consist of and what are their functions and locations?
tissue that has cells and fibres in a matrix
consist of:
• Elastic fibres
• Collagen
• Ground substance
functions: Structure • Support • Defense • Transport & binds
locations: • Fibrous (tendons, ligaments, cartilage) • Adipose • Blood • Bones
what are muscle tissues? what are their functions and locations?
tissue that allows movements through the
contraction of cells
functions:
• Movement
• Posture
• Heat
locations:
• Smooth (involuntary, in digestive tract)
• Skeletal (striated & voluntary, work with bones, attach to tendon)
• Cardiac (Mix of smooth and striated muscle)
what are nervous tissues? what do they consist of and what are their functions and locations?
tissue that allows for communication through
chemical and electrical signals
consists of: -Neurons (nerve cells) that has: • cell body • Dendritic – receive electrical signal • Axons – insulated ‘cable’, covered by myelinated sheath
functions:
• Transmit electrical signals
• Allows brain communicate with the body
locations:
-Brain
• Spinal cord
• Peripheral nerves (spinal &cranial nerves)
what is Hyperplasia?
Tissue growth
-More cells are produced
what is Hypertrophy ?
Tissue growth
-Cells gets bigger (eg. Muscle builder)
what is neoplasia ?
Tissue growth
-Abnormal growth (eg. Tumor)
what is metaplasia?
change from one type to another
(eg. Smoker, lining in lung changed)
what is Atrophy ?
shrinkage
- Decrease in cell size/number (eg, elderly)
what is Necrosis?
death
-Premature death of tissue due to disease or trauma
what is Apoptosis ?
death
-Remove cells that have done their function or no longer needed (eg. Developing fetus)
