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cp3078 > Topic B - introduction to pathology > Flashcards

Topic B - introduction to pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathology?

A

it is a study of how disease affects the function of the body.

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2
Q

what is disease?

A

abnormally functioning organs or organ system

resulting from a disruption in the normal state of the body internal environment ( homeostasis )

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3
Q

what are some predisposing factors of disease?

A
  1. age
  2. genetic/hereditary
  3. gender
  4. race
  5. lifestyle
    - smoking, alcohol
  6. environment
    - chemical, cigarettes
    - food, eg barbeque
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4
Q

signs vs symptoms

A

a sign is the effect of a health problem that can be observed by someone else.

a symptom is an effect noticed and experienced only by the person who has the condition

signs and symptoms are the body’s way of letting a person know that not everything is running smoothly

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5
Q

describe the inflammatory response

A
  1. damage tissues carries bacteria into the wound
  2. wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate mast cells
  3. mast cells stimulate the release of histamine which will increase capillary blood flow and permeability causing fluid to leak out (swells) and exert pressure on the nerve endings (pain), it causes itchiness too.
  4. prostaglandin will also be released which dilates blood vessels, increasing blood flow ( causes red & hot sensation to be felt )
  5. phagocytes ( white blood cells ) leave the blood vessels and ingest the bacteria and dead cells
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6
Q

what are some anti-inflammatory agents? give on eg

A

help reduce pain and swelling

  • eg antihistamine block effect of histamine
  • eg aspirin blocks the production of prostaglandin ( vasodilator)

antibiotic is also needed - kills bacteria

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7
Q

what are the six classifications of Disease?

A
  1. infectious disease
  2. cancers
  3. immune disorders
  4. genetic disorders
  5. mental disorders
  6. conditions caused by trauma or injury
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8
Q

what are some causes of infectious diseases? give one eg

A

caused by pathogens, or disease-causing agents such as bacteria, virus, parasites, fungi that can grow and multiply in the body and cause disease.

  • eg covid-19
  • eg H1N1 ( swine flu )
  • eg SARS

all of which :

  • damaging local tissue OR
  • produce substance that are toxic
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9
Q

what is cancer?

A

characterized by uncontrollable cell growth and proliferation ( rapid increase in number) and undergo apoptosis (cell death), and form tumors, or neoplasms (abnormal tissue)

the neoplasms compete with healthy tissues for nutrients, often causing angiogenesis ( blood vessel growth ) to feed the cancer cells

  • the cancer cells function solely to grow and divide, nothing else and causing disruption in tissue and organ structure and function
  • the two major types of cancer : benign and malignant tumors
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10
Q

what is benign tumors?

A

growth that are non-cancerous

  • meaning no ability to spread, or metasize, to other parts of the body
  • but they compete for space with healthy tissues
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11
Q

what are malignant tumors?

A
  • growth that are cancerous

- have the ability to spread to other parts of the body, causing tissue and organ damage in various locations

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12
Q

what are the 2 causes of cancer?

A
  1. mutations from carcinogens, that affects the DNA
    - > example of carcinogens
    - ultraviolet ( UV ) light
    - chemicals ( nitrates in bacon and lunch meat )
    - viruses ( human papillomavirus, HPV )
  2. mutations may turn on oncogenes ( genes that code for uncontrollable production of cellular growth factors )
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13
Q

what are the causes of immune disorders?

A

caused by inability of the body’s immune system to effectively protect and defend itself and leads to disease

immune disorders are generally caused by:

  • hypersensitivity ( to pollen, dust, mold etc )
  • immunodeficiency disorders ( eg AIDS )
  • autoimmune disorders ( eg Type 1 diabetes )
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14
Q

what is hypersensitivity and what are the symptoms?

A

an overreaction of the immune system to an allergen
eg dust, pollen, mold, bee stings, antibiotics etc

symptoms : hives/congestion, running nose, itching, excess tearing, inability to breath, anaphylactic shock/anaphylaxis

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15
Q

what is an immunodeficiency disorder? give one eg

A

deficiency in immune system’s ability to defend the body
- eg AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ) caused by HIV virus. The virus cause the immune system to be deficient, leaving the body open to pathological conditions.

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16
Q

what is an autoimmune disorder? give one eg

A

an inability of the immune system to distinguish between its own tissue ( self ) and foreign tissue or cells ( non-self )

Hence, an attack on body cells, tissues and organ can result.

  • > eg type 1 diabetes
  • in healthy, islet cells of pancreas secret insulin to control blood sugar level
  • in type 1 diabetes, the body immune system sees the islet cells as foreign and attacks them - cannot secret insulin - type 1 diabetes
17
Q

what is genetic disorder and what causes it? give eg

A
  • abnormalities caused by a mutation in genetic code, presence of abnormal chromosome or altered chromosome structure
  • cause : inherited, occurred spontaneously or exposure to mutagen ( agent that cause genetic mutation )
  • eg UV rays : can alter the genetic code in the skin and cause cancerous cells to develop
18
Q

what is mental disorder and what are causes and egs?

A
  • conditions of the mind and include disorders associated with behaviour or psychological well-being
- a broad category of various etiologies ( causes ), some are unknown 
eg :
- anxiety 
-depression 
- eating disorders
19
Q

what is trauma and how does it affect the body? eg examples

A

trauma is defined as a wound or shock produced by an injury
- the injury can cause abnormal function of the body part. hence must make sure the injury does not threaten life. Eg control excessing bleeding, prevent or manage shock, prevent infection

causes of trauma :

  • burns
  • physical abuse
  • accidents
  • drowning
  • wounds inflicted by foreign objects
  • exposure to toxic agents
20
Q

what is diagnosis (DX) and differential diagnosis ( DD)

A

diagnosis ( DX ) = interpretation of data collected and process of determining the cause or nature of the problem

DD = this is used when there is more than one possible disease present

eg blur vision
Dx = myopia
DD = cataract

21
Q

what is process of a diagnosis?

A
  • history taking - signs and symptoms - medical examination - diagnostic/lab tests - compare results with normal findings and interpret - diagnosis, treatment and prognosis
  • once diagnosis is made, a treatment plan can be developed.
22
Q

what are the four treatment plans?

A
  1. palliative treatment
  2. curative treatment
  3. therapeutic treatment
  4. preventive treatment
23
Q

what is palliative treatment?

A

used when a disease cannot be cured. the goal is to make the patient more comfortable during the terminal stages of the disease

24
Q

what is curative treatment?

A

a treatment regimen designed to cure the patient of the disease

25
Q

what is therapeutic treatment?

A

involve a long-term care to restore normal body function. eg physical therapy for injured limb, chemotherapy, radiation therapy.

26
Q

what is preventive treatment?

A

steps to prevent disease from happening. help people to live a longer, healthier life ( eg immunization/vaccination, health screening etc )

becoming increasingly significant

cp3078 (6 decks)

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