Topic 9: Locomotion Flashcards
Muscles are a bundle of __________
muslce fibres (muscle cells)
During growth, hundreds of ______ fuse to form a long ______________ that runs the entire _________
myoblasts; multi-nucleate cell; length of a muscle
muscle fibers are filled with bundles of __________
myofibrils
myofibrils are:
stacks of alternating thick and thin filaments that are arranged along the legnth of the myofibril in sarcomeres
thick filaments in myofibrils are:
myosin
thin filaments in myofibrils are:
actin
Sarcomeres are:
functional unit of skeletal muscles
The sliding-filament model
muscles contract when myosin (thick) filaments pulls the opposing actin (thin) filaments towards each other
The cross bridge cycle
involves the binding and hydrolysis of ATP and the movement of actin by myosin; demonstrates the shortening of muscles due to movement of contractile proteins
The force generated by muscles _____________ when the number of ________ between ___________ & _____________ ___________ in the sarcomere
increases; cross-bridges; actin & myosin; increase
The force generated by muscles ______ as the number of _____________ & ___________ _________
muscle cells & length of muscle tissue increase
the force generated by muscles ____________ as __________________ increases
decreases; muscle contraction
MR max allows us to make predictions about
reproduction
distribution
range
migration
& other constraints on survivorship
Physiological limitations on energy production limit rate of _____________ and ______________
ATP production; delivery of O2 to muscles (slow)
Name 2 different muscle types
slow twitch (type 1) and fast twitch (type 2)
Slow twitch (type 1)
used for aerobic respiration
more mitochondria
more myoglobin (O2 storage)
more vascularization
less glycogen
less power endurance
dark meat
Fast twitch (type 2)
used for anaerobic respiration
less mitochondria
less myoglobin
less vascularization
more glycogen
more power bursts
white meat
Cells have metabolic pools of __________ & _____________, that is used as_____________
ATP & PCr (phosphocreatine); instant energy source
Recovery Metabolism
know graph
O2 debt & recovery metabolism
O2 debt occurs when
cellular pools of ATP/PCr are used up and lactic acid is produced (anaerobic)
Recovery metabolism occurs during the ____ phase and involves:
recovery; replenishment of cellular pools of ATP/PCr and lactic acid is removed
As mass increases, the active MR max _________
increases
As mass increases, the mass-specific MR max ___________
decreases
What is metabolic scope?
indicates the scope (capacity) for metabolic activity; ratio of (MR max/RMR) or (MR sus/RMR)
Metabolic scope of endotherms and ectotherms are __________
similar
How can locomotion be measured?
mass-specific metabolic rate & Cost of Transport
What is mass-specific metabolic rate?
the rate of energy consumption per unit body mass
What is cost of transport?
The energy required to more 1 unit mass of an organism 1 unit distance
What factors effect E activity?
drag, intertial forces, gravity, etc.
What is interia?
tendency to resist a change in motion
What is momentum?
tendency of moving mass to sustain velocity
Inertial forces ____ as mass increases
increase
What is drag?
force generated opposite to an animal’s movement by the density/viscosity of medium
Drag forces ____ with mass and velocity
increase
large organisms spend ____ energy overcoming drag than smaller organisms
more
as velocity ______, ________ energy has to go towards overcoming drag
increases; more
What forces act on the runner?
gravity, drag, thrust, muscle action
What is the largest factor contributing to energy budget for a runner?
gravity
What is a negligible factor contributing to energy budget for a runner?
drag
as velocity ________, __________ energy is required to contract the muscles _______
increases, more, faster
small runners have to work ______ to move fast because _________ contact with the ground __________ the energy lost
harder; more; increases
as velocity __________, ________ energy goes towards generating forward motion, causing momentum to __________
increase; more; increase
___________ momentum causes __________ in energy lost
increased; decrease bc the organism makes less contact with the ground, as
as velocity _________, msMRmax __________ linearly
increases, increases
msMRmax of a smaller animal is ______________ than that of a bigger animal
greater
msMRmax of a larger animal is ____________ than that of a smaller animal
less
as velocity ________, CoT __________ because momentum _________
increases, decreases, increases
ms MR max vs. velocity graph
increasing slope
CoT vs. velocity graph
decreasing slope
How to find CoT from msMR max graph
slope from 0,0 (Y/X) to start and end point of line on msMRmax graph
Forces acting on a swimmer
gravity, drag, bouyancy, thrust
What is force is the largest cost in the activity budget for a swimmer?
drag, as density/viscosity of water is higher than air
What force is a negligible factor in the activity budget
gravity
Viscous forces create
skin friction drag
Inertial forces create
pressure drag
Large swimmers experience ________ skin friction drag
less
Small swimmers experience ___________ skin friction drag
more
Large swimmers experience ________ pressure drag/intertial forces
more
as velocity _______ for a swimmer, muscle contraction _____________ so __________ energy is needed
increases, increases, more
small swimmers must work _______ to __________ velocity due to __________ limbs/muscles
harder;increase;shorter
as velocity increases, pressure drag __________ and energy expense __________ sharply because
increases; increases; to fight pressure drag
msMRmax vs. velocity graph for swimmers
exponential increasing
CoT vs. velocity graph for swimmers
sideways C curve
Cot vs. log mass graph for swimmers
decreasing slope
Forces on a flyer
gravity, lift, drag, thrust
What is the most important force on a flyer at low velocity?
gravity
What is the most important force on a flyer at high velocity?
drag
The lift force increases when ___________ increases
velocity
_________ in mass = fight harder to overcome gravity
increase
_______ in mass = flyer can easily over come gravity
decrease
___ flyers swim in air due to _____ relative density/viscosity
smaller; higher
__ flyers must fight harder to over come drag
bigger
as velocity ______, flyers require __ energy
increases;more
smaller sized flyers need to work ______ to move faster
harder
large flyers can _______ to lower energy expense
glide
as velocity _______, lift and drag __________
decreases, increases
energy expense to fight drag ____ and gravity ___at high velocity
higher;lower
energy for countering drag _____ at ___ velocity
increases; high
energy for countering gravity _____ at _______ velocity
decreases;high
increases;low
Order of activities in order of greatest to lowest CoT
running, flying, swimming
most energy is spent ____________, while the least energy is spent _____
running, swimming
rapid contraction leads to a ________ in cross-bridges
decrease
