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BIOL241 > Topic 9: Locomotion > Flashcards

Topic 9: Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles are a bundle of __________

A

muslce fibres (muscle cells)

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2
Q

During growth, hundreds of ______ fuse to form a long ______________ that runs the entire _________

A

myoblasts; multi-nucleate cell; length of a muscle

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3
Q

muscle fibers are filled with bundles of __________

A

myofibrils

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4
Q

myofibrils are:

A

stacks of alternating thick and thin filaments that are arranged along the legnth of the myofibril in sarcomeres

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5
Q

thick filaments in myofibrils are:

A

myosin

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6
Q

thin filaments in myofibrils are:

A

actin

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7
Q

Sarcomeres are:

A

functional unit of skeletal muscles

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8
Q

The sliding-filament model

A

muscles contract when myosin (thick) filaments pulls the opposing actin (thin) filaments towards each other

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9
Q

The cross bridge cycle

A

involves the binding and hydrolysis of ATP and the movement of actin by myosin; demonstrates the shortening of muscles due to movement of contractile proteins

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10
Q

The force generated by muscles _____________ when the number of ________ between ___________ & _____________ ___________ in the sarcomere

A

increases; cross-bridges; actin & myosin; increase

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11
Q

The force generated by muscles ______ as the number of _____________ & ___________ _________

A

muscle cells & length of muscle tissue increase

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12
Q

the force generated by muscles ____________ as __________________ increases

A

decreases; muscle contraction

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13
Q

MR max allows us to make predictions about

A

reproduction
distribution
range
migration
& other constraints on survivorship

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14
Q

Physiological limitations on energy production limit rate of _____________ and ______________

A

ATP production; delivery of O2 to muscles (slow)

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15
Q

Name 2 different muscle types

A

slow twitch (type 1) and fast twitch (type 2)

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16
Q

Slow twitch (type 1)

A

used for aerobic respiration
more mitochondria
more myoglobin (O2 storage)
more vascularization
less glycogen
less power endurance
dark meat

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17
Q

Fast twitch (type 2)

A

used for anaerobic respiration
less mitochondria
less myoglobin
less vascularization
more glycogen
more power bursts
white meat

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18
Q

Cells have metabolic pools of __________ & _____________, that is used as_____________

A

ATP & PCr (phosphocreatine); instant energy source

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19
Q

Recovery Metabolism

A

know graph

O2 debt & recovery metabolism

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20
Q

O2 debt occurs when

A

cellular pools of ATP/PCr are used up and lactic acid is produced (anaerobic)

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21
Q

Recovery metabolism occurs during the ____ phase and involves:

A

recovery; replenishment of cellular pools of ATP/PCr and lactic acid is removed

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22
Q

As mass increases, the active MR max _________

A

increases

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23
Q

As mass increases, the mass-specific MR max ___________

A

decreases

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24
Q

What is metabolic scope?

A

indicates the scope (capacity) for metabolic activity; ratio of (MR max/RMR) or (MR sus/RMR)

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25
Q

Metabolic scope of endotherms and ectotherms are __________

A

similar

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26
Q

How can locomotion be measured?

A

mass-specific metabolic rate & Cost of Transport

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27
Q

What is mass-specific metabolic rate?

A

the rate of energy consumption per unit body mass

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28
Q

What is cost of transport?

A

The energy required to more 1 unit mass of an organism 1 unit distance

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29
Q

What factors effect E activity?

A

drag, intertial forces, gravity, etc.

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30
Q

What is interia?

A

tendency to resist a change in motion

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31
Q

What is momentum?

A

tendency of moving mass to sustain velocity

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32
Q

Inertial forces ____ as mass increases

A

increase

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33
Q

What is drag?

A

force generated opposite to an animal’s movement by the density/viscosity of medium

34
Q

Drag forces ____ with mass and velocity

A

increase

35
Q

large organisms spend ____ energy overcoming drag than smaller organisms

A

more

36
Q

as velocity ______, ________ energy has to go towards overcoming drag

A

increases; more

37
Q

What forces act on the runner?

A

gravity, drag, thrust, muscle action

38
Q

What is the largest factor contributing to energy budget for a runner?

A

gravity

39
Q

What is a negligible factor contributing to energy budget for a runner?

A

drag

40
Q

as velocity ________, __________ energy is required to contract the muscles _______

A

increases, more, faster

41
Q

small runners have to work ______ to move fast because _________ contact with the ground __________ the energy lost

A

harder; more; increases

42
Q

as velocity __________, ________ energy goes towards generating forward motion, causing momentum to __________

A

increase; more; increase

43
Q

___________ momentum causes __________ in energy lost

A

increased; decrease bc the organism makes less contact with the ground, as

44
Q

as velocity _________, msMRmax __________ linearly

A

increases, increases

45
Q

msMRmax of a smaller animal is ______________ than that of a bigger animal

A

greater

46
Q

msMRmax of a larger animal is ____________ than that of a smaller animal

A

less

47
Q

as velocity ________, CoT __________ because momentum _________

A

increases, decreases, increases

48
Q

ms MR max vs. velocity graph

A

increasing slope

49
Q

CoT vs. velocity graph

A

decreasing slope

50
Q

How to find CoT from msMR max graph

A

slope from 0,0 (Y/X) to start and end point of line on msMRmax graph

51
Q

Forces acting on a swimmer

A

gravity, drag, bouyancy, thrust

52
Q

What is force is the largest cost in the activity budget for a swimmer?

A

drag, as density/viscosity of water is higher than air

53
Q

What force is a negligible factor in the activity budget

A

gravity

54
Q

Viscous forces create

A

skin friction drag

55
Q

Inertial forces create

A

pressure drag

56
Q

Large swimmers experience ________ skin friction drag

A

less

57
Q

Small swimmers experience ___________ skin friction drag

A

more

58
Q

Large swimmers experience ________ pressure drag/intertial forces

A

more

59
Q

as velocity _______ for a swimmer, muscle contraction _____________ so __________ energy is needed

A

increases, increases, more

60
Q

small swimmers must work _______ to __________ velocity due to __________ limbs/muscles

A

harder;increase;shorter

61
Q

as velocity increases, pressure drag __________ and energy expense __________ sharply because

A

increases; increases; to fight pressure drag

62
Q

msMRmax vs. velocity graph for swimmers

A

exponential increasing

63
Q

CoT vs. velocity graph for swimmers

A

sideways C curve

64
Q

Cot vs. log mass graph for swimmers

A

decreasing slope

65
Q

Forces on a flyer

A

gravity, lift, drag, thrust

66
Q

What is the most important force on a flyer at low velocity?

A

gravity

67
Q

What is the most important force on a flyer at high velocity?

A

drag

68
Q

The lift force increases when ___________ increases

A

velocity

69
Q

_________ in mass = fight harder to overcome gravity

A

increase

70
Q

_______ in mass = flyer can easily over come gravity

A

decrease

71
Q

___ flyers swim in air due to _____ relative density/viscosity

A

smaller; higher

72
Q

__ flyers must fight harder to over come drag

A

bigger

73
Q

as velocity ______, flyers require __ energy

A

increases;more

74
Q

smaller sized flyers need to work ______ to move faster

A

harder

75
Q

large flyers can _______ to lower energy expense

A

glide

76
Q

as velocity _______, lift and drag __________

A

decreases, increases

77
Q

energy expense to fight drag ____ and gravity ___at high velocity

A

higher;lower

78
Q

energy for countering drag _____ at ___ velocity

A

increases; high

79
Q

energy for countering gravity _____ at _______ velocity

A

decreases;high
increases;low

80
Q

Order of activities in order of greatest to lowest CoT

A

running, flying, swimming

81
Q

most energy is spent ____________, while the least energy is spent _____

A

running, swimming

82
Q

rapid contraction leads to a ________ in cross-bridges

A

decrease

BIOL241 (6 decks)

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