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BIOL241 > Topic 9: Locomotion > Flashcards

Topic 9: Locomotion Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

Muscles are a bundle of __________

A

muslce fibres (muscle cells)

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2
Q

During growth, hundreds of ______ fuse to form a long ______________ that runs the entire _________

A

myoblasts; multi-nucleate cell; length of a muscle

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3
Q

muscle fibers are filled with bundles of __________

A

myofibrils

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4
Q

myofibrils are:

A

stacks of alternating thick and thin filaments that are arranged along the legnth of the myofibril in sarcomeres

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5
Q

thick filaments in myofibrils are:

A

myosin

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6
Q

thin filaments in myofibrils are:

A

actin

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7
Q

Sarcomeres are:

A

functional unit of skeletal muscles

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8
Q

The sliding-filament model

A

muscles contract when myosin (thick) filaments pulls the opposing actin (thin) filaments towards each other

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9
Q

The cross bridge cycle

A

involves the binding and hydrolysis of ATP and the movement of actin by myosin; demonstrates the shortening of muscles due to movement of contractile proteins

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10
Q

The force generated by muscles _____________ when the number of ________ between ___________ & _____________ ___________ in the sarcomere

A

increases; cross-bridges; actin & myosin; increase

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11
Q

The force generated by muscles ______ as the number of _____________ & ___________ _________

A

muscle cells & length of muscle tissue increase

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12
Q

the force generated by muscles ____________ as __________________ increases

A

decreases; muscle contraction

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13
Q

MR max allows us to make predictions about

A

reproduction
distribution
range
migration
& other constraints on survivorship

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14
Q

Physiological limitations on energy production limit rate of _____________ and ______________

A

ATP production; delivery of O2 to muscles (slow)

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15
Q

Name 2 different muscle types

A

slow twitch (type 1) and fast twitch (type 2)

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16
Q

Slow twitch (type 1)

A

used for aerobic respiration
more mitochondria
more myoglobin (O2 storage)
more vascularization
less glycogen
less power endurance
dark meat

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17
Q

Fast twitch (type 2)

A

used for anaerobic respiration
less mitochondria
less myoglobin
less vascularization
more glycogen
more power bursts
white meat

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18
Q

Cells have metabolic pools of __________ & _____________, that is used as_____________

A

ATP & PCr (phosphocreatine); instant energy source

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19
Q

Recovery Metabolism

A

know graph

O2 debt & recovery metabolism

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20
Q

O2 debt occurs when

A

cellular pools of ATP/PCr are used up and lactic acid is produced (anaerobic)

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21
Q

Recovery metabolism occurs during the ____ phase and involves:

A

recovery; replenishment of cellular pools of ATP/PCr and lactic acid is removed

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22
Q

As mass increases, the active MR max _________

A

increases

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23
Q

As mass increases, the mass-specific MR max ___________

A

decreases

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24
Q

What is metabolic scope?

A

indicates the scope (capacity) for metabolic activity; ratio of (MR max/RMR) or (MR sus/RMR)

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25
Metabolic scope of endotherms and ectotherms are __________
similar
26
How can locomotion be measured?
mass-specific metabolic rate & Cost of Transport
27
What is mass-specific metabolic rate?
the rate of energy consumption per unit body mass
28
What is cost of transport?
The energy required to more 1 unit mass of an organism 1 unit distance
29
What factors effect E activity?
drag, intertial forces, gravity, etc.
30
What is interia?
tendency to resist a change in motion
31
What is momentum?
tendency of moving mass to sustain velocity
32
Inertial forces ____ as mass increases
increase
33
What is drag?
force generated opposite to an animal's movement by the density/viscosity of medium
34
Drag forces ____ with mass and velocity
increase
35
large organisms spend ____ energy overcoming drag than smaller organisms
more
36
as velocity ______, ________ energy has to go towards overcoming drag
increases; more
37
What forces act on the runner?
gravity, drag, thrust, muscle action
38
What is the largest factor contributing to energy budget for a runner?
gravity
39
What is a negligible factor contributing to energy budget for a runner?
drag
40
as velocity ________, __________ energy is required to contract the muscles _______
increases, more, faster
41
small runners have to work ______ to move fast because _________ contact with the ground __________ the energy lost
harder; more; increases
42
as velocity __________, ________ energy goes towards generating forward motion, causing momentum to __________
increase; more; increase
43
___________ momentum causes __________ in energy lost
increased; decrease bc the organism makes less contact with the ground, as
44
as velocity _________, msMRmax __________ linearly
increases, increases
45
msMRmax of a smaller animal is ______________ than that of a bigger animal
greater
46
msMRmax of a larger animal is ____________ than that of a smaller animal
less
47
as velocity ________, CoT __________ because momentum _________
increases, decreases, increases
48
ms MR max vs. velocity graph
increasing slope
49
CoT vs. velocity graph
decreasing slope
50
How to find CoT from msMR max graph
slope from 0,0 (Y/X) to start and end point of line on msMRmax graph
51
Forces acting on a swimmer
gravity, drag, bouyancy, thrust
52
What is force is the largest cost in the activity budget for a swimmer?
drag, as density/viscosity of water is higher than air
53
What force is a negligible factor in the activity budget
gravity
54
Viscous forces create
skin friction drag
55
Inertial forces create
pressure drag
56
Large swimmers experience ________ skin friction drag
less
57
Small swimmers experience ___________ skin friction drag
more
58
Large swimmers experience ________ pressure drag/intertial forces
more
59
as velocity _______ for a swimmer, muscle contraction _____________ so __________ energy is needed
increases, increases, more
60
small swimmers must work _______ to __________ velocity due to __________ limbs/muscles
harder;increase;shorter
61
as velocity increases, pressure drag __________ and energy expense __________ sharply because
increases; increases; to fight pressure drag
62
msMRmax vs. velocity graph for swimmers
exponential increasing
63
CoT vs. velocity graph for swimmers
sideways C curve
64
Cot vs. log mass graph for swimmers
decreasing slope
65
Forces on a flyer
gravity, lift, drag, thrust
66
What is the most important force on a flyer at low velocity?
gravity
67
What is the most important force on a flyer at high velocity?
drag
68
The lift force increases when ___________ increases
velocity
69
_________ in mass = fight harder to overcome gravity
increase
70
_______ in mass = flyer can easily over come gravity
decrease
71
___ flyers swim in air due to _____ relative density/viscosity
smaller; higher
72
__ flyers must fight harder to over come drag
bigger
73
as velocity ______, flyers require __ energy
increases;more
74
smaller sized flyers need to work ______ to move faster
harder
75
large flyers can _______ to lower energy expense
glide
76
as velocity _______, lift and drag __________
decreases, increases
77
energy expense to fight drag ____ and gravity ___at high velocity
higher;lower
78
energy for countering drag _____ at ___ velocity
increases; high
79
energy for countering gravity _____ at _______ velocity
decreases;high increases;low
80
Order of activities in order of greatest to lowest CoT
running, flying, swimming
81
most energy is spent ____________, while the least energy is spent _____
running, swimming
82
rapid contraction leads to a ________ in cross-bridges
decrease

BIOL241 (6 decks)

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