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BIOL241 > Topic 10: Reproduction > Flashcards

Topic 10: Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

E production

A

growth and reproduction

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2
Q

What is the ultimate goal of managing an energy budget?

A

to have energy remaining for reproduction

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3
Q

Life History Theory

A

every species has a pattern of growth, development, reproduction, and death shaped by natural selection
- success in the past helps shape life history traits

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4
Q

Environment affects LH traits by influencing energy budgets through:

A

amount of light
food sources
shelter
wind
precipitation

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5
Q

Maximizing reproductive success involves __________ due to _________

A

tradeoffs; fixed energy budgets & selective pressures

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6
Q

Fitness vs. number of seeds

A

increasing slope

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7
Q

Fitness vs. seed size

A

increasing slope

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8
Q

number of seeds vs. seed size

A

decreasing slope

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9
Q

2 types of growth:

A

determinate & indeterminate

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10
Q

Indeterminate growth:

A

growth continues through lifespan (ectotherms)

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11
Q

Determinate growth:

A

growth ceases when ‘adult’ state is reached (endotherms)

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12
Q

Reproduction (2 types)

A

asexual and sexual

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13
Q

Asexual reprodution produces:

A

clones
- prokaryotes replicate genome and divide by binary fission
- eukaryotes replicate genome and divide by mitosis

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14
Q

Sexual reproduction produces

A

recombinants
- genomes are halved into gametes and combined with other gametes
(only eukaryotes)

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15
Q

Life History Traits (7)

A

growth rate
parental care
fecundity
size/age @ sexual maturity
mortality rate
frequency of reproduction (parity)
size & survivorship of offspring

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16
Q

Passive care

A

pre birth energy investment (seed development, gestation, etc.)

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17
Q

Active care

A

post birth energy investment (raising, dispersing seeds, etc.)

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18
Q

Tradeoff: Growth rate & reproduction

A

decreasing slope

19
Q

Tradeoff: Fecundity & survivorship of parent

A

decreasing slope

  • both low = extinct
  • both high = not enough energy for both
20
Q

Tradeoff: Reproduction & Survival of Parent

A

reproducing at too young or high age = high mortality rate bc it is costly for young and old

  • mortality rate would increase as reproduction increases
21
Q

Tradeoff: ______ mortality rate would favour early age of maturity

A

high

22
Q

Semelparity

A

can reproduce only once

23
Q

Iteroparity

A

can breed/reproduce multiple times in its lifetime

24
Q

Fecundity

A

ability to make many offspring

25
Q

Fecundity _______ as body size increases

(when is this an advantage?)

A

increases

  • advantage of delaying sexual maturity until larger size of parent
26
Q

Tradeoff: Mating vs. Lifespan

A

decreasing slope, as mating increases rate of mortality

27
Q

more predation = _______ population size @ reproduction

A

less

28
Q

Age structure pyramids

A

zero, negative, rapid growth

29
Q

r-selected

A
  • small size
  • early sexual maturity
  • high fecundity
  • low parental investment
  • low juvenile survivorship
  • short lifespan
  • semelparous
30
Q

K-selected

A
  • large size
  • late sexual maturity
  • low fecundity but can reproduce many times
  • high parental investment
  • high juvenile survivorship
  • long lifespan
  • iteroparous
31
Q

as mammal size increases, ______ energy is involved

A

more

32
Q

What do life history traits allow us to do?

A
  • to determine if r- or k- selected
  • to predict how a population will change
  • useful in manipulating crops & lifestock, to control pests/weeds, and for conservation efforts
33
Q

When R0 > 1…

A

population is increasing

34
Q

When R0 < 1…

A

population is decreasing

35
Q

When R0 = 1

A

population is the same

36
Q

sx =

A

survival rate

37
Q

lx =

A

survivorship (fraction of original cohort still alive)

38
Q

mx =

A

fecundity

39
Q

nx =

A

number of organisms in cohort

40
Q

x =

A

usually time/age

41
Q

Survivorship curves: type 1

A

upside down L curve
- exponential decrease

  • low mortality rate
  • large animals
  • high parental care
  • high juvenile survivorship
  • k-selected
42
Q

Survivorship curves: type 2

A
  • constant mortality rate - decreasing slope
  • mix of r & k selected
43
Q

Survivorship curves: type 3

A
  • L shaped curve
  • exponential decrease
  • high mortality rate
  • small animals
  • low parental care
  • low juvenile survivorship (mortality decreases with A)
  • r-selected
44
Q

How to detect constant mortality rate (type 2)? What would it look like on a regular survival vs. age graph?

A
  • on a linear scale, it looks like type 3 graph ( L shaped curve)
  • on log transformed scale, it looks normal (linear decrease)

BIOL241 (6 decks)

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