Topic 9 - Locomotion

Question 1

what do the physiological limitations on energy production limit?

Answer 1

1. limit rate of ATP production
   2.delivery of O2 to msucles

Question 2

what are the anaerobic phases of energy demand?

Answer 2

Pcr and ATP

Question 3

what are the aerobic phases of energy demand?

Answer 3

Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 4

what are Pcr pools?

Answer 4

instant backup of ATP when pools of ATP have been used up.

Question 5

what is recovery metabolism?

Answer 5

replenishes cellular pools of ATP/PCr and remove built up lactic acid after activity.

Question 6

what is O2 debt?

Answer 6

anaerobic process that use of ATP/PCr pools and produce lactic acid

Question 7

what is metabolic scope?

Answer 7

indicates the capacity for activity. measured as a ratio of MrMax/RMR or MRsus/RMR

Question 8

what is mass specific metabolic rate?

Answer 8

the energy required to move 1 unit of mass of an organism.

Question 9

what is cost of transport?

Answer 9

energy required to move one unit of mass of an organism one unit of distance

Question 10

what is inertia?

Answer 10

the tendency of a moving mass to resist change in motion.

Question 11

what is momentum?

Answer 11

tendency of a moving mass to sustain velocity, input less energy into sustaining velocity because of momentum forces. impacted by mass, larger organisms= more momentum forces.

Question 12

what is drag?

Answer 12

drag is the force generated in the opposite direction of an animals momentum by the density/viscosity of the medium. drag forces increase with mass and velocity.

Question 13

how does velocity affect runners?

Answer 13

as velocity increases, limbs move faster, muscles contract faster, and more energy is required.
small runners have to work faster to move faster.
as velocity increases, less contact with the ground so less energy is lost.

Question 14

runners cost of transport?

Answer 14

as velocity increases, MRsus and MRmax increase linearly, as velocity increases cost of transport decreases, inertia/momentum and contact with the ground decreases.

Question 15

drag forces acting on a swimmer

Answer 15

skin friction drag and pressure drag

Question 16

what is skin friction drag?

Answer 16

skin friction drag is a viscosity force so have a higher affect on smaller swimmers.

Question 17

what is pressure drag?

Answer 17

pressure drag is an inertia force, larger masses have larger inertia values, so it has a larger effect on larger swimmers.

Question 18

how do swimmers counter drag?

Answer 18

swimmers body shape create natural buoyancy to counter gravity forces

Question 19

how do swimmers minimize drag?

Answer 19

minimize drag through body shape, reduces both skin friction and pressure drag

Question 20

how does mass and velocity swimmers?

Answer 20

swimmers must work hard to overcome inertia in a viscous environment, large swimmers experience less skin friction drag. As velocity increases limbs move faster, muscles contract faster and requires more energy.

Question 21

relationship between mass and cost of transport for swimmers?

Answer 21

as mass increases cost of transport decreases, larger swimmers move easier so use less energy than smaller organisms

Question 22

how does mass affect fliers?

Answer 22

large fliers must work harder to overcome gravity than small fliers, fliers must overcome drag large fliers must also work harder to overcome drag at higher velocities.

Question 23

how does velocity affect fliers?

Answer 23

as velocity increases, limbs move faster muscles contract faster, so more energy is required. very small fliers have to work hard to move faster, in large fliers they can glide at high velocities so it can reduce energy expense. as velocity increases, lift and drag increase, energy expense to fight gravity decreases, energy expense to fight drag increases.

Question 24

what is induced power?

Answer 24

induced power is the energy required to counter gravity. As velocity increases, induced power decreases.

Question 25

what is parasite power?

Answer 25

energy required to counter drag, as velocity increases parasite power increases.

Question 26

what is the relationship between cost of transport and velocity for flier?

Answer 26

as velocity increases, cost of transport increases in a curve shape. the cost of transport is higher for smaller fliers.

Question 27

Which has a higher cost of transport? a 2000g fish traveling at 10 km/h with a metabolic rate of 30 kJ/gh or a 10kg fisherman traveling at 10 km/h with a metabolic rate of 40 kJ/gh.

Answer 27

CoT for the fish = (MR)/(speed)
= 30 kJ/gh / 10 km/h
=3 kJ/gkm
Cot for the fisherman
=40kJ/gh / 10 km/h
=4 kJ/gkm
the fisherman has a higher cost of transport

Question 28

what is the ranking of cost of transport from highest to lowest out of: flying, swimming, running.

Answer 28

From highest to lowest:
1.Running
2.Flying
3.Swimming