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Biology 241 Final Review > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the DNA strand generated during replication of the template strand called?

A

Complimentary Strand

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2
Q

What is the purpose of using Isopropanol during DNA extraction?

A

make DNA precipitate out of the extraction buffer.

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3
Q

Why are SEMs of 2 datasets an important element of t-test calculations?

A

SEM is an indication of variance from the mean and a large SEM will result in a smaller t-value.

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4
Q

In lab 2 which plate(s) do you expect to find no bacteria at all?

A

LB/amp/-pGLO

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5
Q

In lab 2 which plate(s) do you expect to find only bacteria that will glow under UV light?

A

LB/amp/ara/+pGLO

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6
Q

A diploid cell with 4 chromosomes (2 homologous pairs) undergoes 2 rounds of mitosis. How many chromosomes will be present in each daughter cell after round 2?

A

4
the daughter cells will have the same number of chromosomes present as the original diploid cell.

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7
Q

in which phase of mitosis do condensed chromosomes align along the equator of the cell?

A

metaphase

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8
Q

what characteristics of bacteria make them a good model system for studying evolution?

A

-can grow under a wide range of conditions
-many evolutionary mechanisms the same as other organisms
-short life cycles and reproduce quickly
-high mutation rate and can acquire new traits easily
-simple genome that is easy to study

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9
Q

what are the DNA molecules wrapped around proteins called?

A

histones

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10
Q

what is the purpose of using detergent during a DNA extraction?

A

to lyse open cells and denature protiens

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11
Q

what is the null hypothesis of a t-test?

A

There is no statistically significant difference between 2 calculated means.

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12
Q

what is the purpose of the control plates in the bacterial evolution assignment?

A

to tell us if the cells from the previous week are still alive, incase no cells grow on the salinity plate.

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13
Q

what environmental factor(s) is/are needed to see fluorescence in transformed E.coli?

A

Arabinose
UV Light

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14
Q

if a mutation results in a single base substitution that codes for a different amino acid than the wild-type sequence, what type of mutation is occuring?

A

Missense Mutation

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15
Q

Assuming no crossing over has occurred, sister chromatids will have identical alleles for each of their genes.
True or False?

A

True

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16
Q

If a calculated chi-square or t-value is lower than the value you selected in respective comparison table, what can you conclude about the results?

A

the results are not significantly different.

17
Q

What properties can be exploited to effectively purify and visualize DNA?

A

-Cell membranes are made of lipids that can be disrupted by detergent
-DNA interacting proteins have positive charges that can be neutralized by negatively charged salts
-DNA has negatively charged backbones that can attract specific dyes

18
Q

what is the purpose of using high salt concentrations during a DNA extraction?

A

to strip away proteins associated with DNA. and make DNA more soluble in water

19
Q

In which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate from each other?

A

anaphase

20
Q

True or False
homologous chromosomes always have identical alleles.

A

False

21
Q

If a mutation results in a single base substitution that codes for a stop codon, what type of mutation has occured?

A

Nonsense

22
Q

In Lab 2 the inoculation of UV-sensitive yeast on 3 agar plates occurred. On which of the 3 plates do you expect the most UV damage?

A

The un-treated plate. (no sunscreen or foil).

23
Q

In an experiment testing adaptation of bacteria to increasing levels of antibiotics, what effects might exposure to a mutagen have on the rate of adaptation compared with unexposed cells?

A

-exposed bacteria have develop a higher sensitivity to the antibiotic and not grow as far along the gradient as the control
-the exposed bacteria may develop a tolerance to the antibiotics faster due to accumulation of beneficial mutations
-exposed bacteria may develop a tolerance to the antibiotics slower due to accumulation of detrimental mutations
-there may be no difference in antibiotic tolerance between the control and exposed cells

24
Q

What is the purpose of a t-test?

A

To determine whether the difference between 2 means are significantly statistically different.

25
Q

if a mutation results in a single base substitution that codes for the same amino acid as the wild-type sequence, what type of mutation has occurred?

A

Synonymous Mutation

26
Q

if a mutation results in a single base deletion that changes the remaining coding sequence of a gene, what type of mutation has occured?

A

Frameshift Mutation

27
Q

True or False?
Assuming no chromosomal translocations or deletions has occurred, homologous chromosomes will have the same genes as each other.

A

True

28
Q

True or False?
Assuming no crossing over has occurred, non-sister chromatids will have identical alleles for each of their genes.

A

False

29
Q

In which phase of mitosis does nuclear envelope reform and chromosomes recondense?

A

Telophase

30
Q

You are comparing bacterial growth rates at different temps and have collected data for 3 samples at each of a control (37 degrees) and experimental condition (42 degrees). After calculating mean values for each, perform a t-test and get a t-value that is very close but just below the threshold value in the table. if you were able to repeat the experiment what would be the best thing to change to increase the likelyhood of attaining a statistically significant result?

A

Keep the experimental conditions the same, but increase number of samples collected.

31
Q

In lab 3, you prepared an agar plate with a particular gradient, what type of gradient is it?

A

A saline gradient

32
Q

In Lab 2 on which plate(s) do you expect to find only bacteria that have been transformed?

A

LB/amp/ara/+pGLO
LB/amp/+pGLO

33
Q

what is the formula for a t-test?

A
34
Q

what is the formula for a chi-square test?

A

Biology 241 Final Review (7 decks)

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