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Psychology > Topic 9: intelligence + psychometric assessment > Flashcards

Topic 9: intelligence + psychometric assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Define intelligence

A

Hypothetical mental ability = enables people to direct thinking + adapt to circumstances = learn from experiences

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2
Q

Explain the theory of intelligence by Francis Galton

A
  • Proposed the theory of hereditary genius = that there is heritability in the ability of genius
  • Variation in abilities of the population
  • Variations are inherited
  • Nature vs nurture
  • 1st to use questionnaires
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3
Q

Explain the theory of intelligence by Alfred Binet + Theodore Simon

A
  • Identified typical intelligence for ages
  • Developed intelligence scale = differentiate between chronological age + mental age
  • Developed norms of achievements at each age stage = average/below average/high intelligence
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4
Q

What is the formula for calculating IQ?

A

(Mental age / Chronological age) * 100 = IQ

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5
Q

Define IQ

A
  • Intelligence quotient
  • It is the index of intelligence derived from tests
  • Modern times = calculated using percentile rankings = converted to equivalent IQ scores onto a normal distribution curve
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6
Q

Explain general intelligence by Charles Spearman

A
  • Proposed 2-factor theory of intelligence
  • 2 factors = g + s
  • g = general intelligence = everyone has
  • s = special abilities = differentiates us from each other + extend of abilities
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7
Q

Explain general intelligence by Catell

A
  • Crystallised intelligence = learn utilizing previous experiences = when older
  • Fluid intelligence = learn as we go = when younger
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8
Q

Explain modern theory of intelligence by Gardner

A
  • There are multiple intelligences rather than a general intelligence
  • Intelligence linked to:
    1) Linguistics
    2) Musical
    3) Mathematical
    4) Spatial
    5) Kinesthetic
    6) Intrapersonal
    7) Interpersonal
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of an intelligence test?

A
  • Must be valid = measure what it’s supposed to measure = made sure by intercorrelating between tests
  • Must be reliable = consistent result when repeated yourself and by others
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10
Q

What are the forms of intelligence in IQ tests?

A

1) Verbal = ability to comprehend + solve language-based problems
2) Non-verbal = ability to solve visual/spatial problems

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11
Q

Give examples of verbal subtests in Wechsler intelligence scale for adults

A
  • Vocab
  • Similarities
  • Arithmatic
  • Digit span
  • Information
  • Comprehension
  • Letter number sequencing
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12
Q

Give examples of non-verbal subtests in Wechsler intelligence scale for adults

A
  • Picture completion
  • Digit symbol coding
  • Block design
  • Matrix reasoning
  • Picture arrangement
  • Symbol search
  • Object assembly
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13
Q

Describe the bell-shaped IQ curve

A
  • 95% within +/- 2 standard deviations of mean = 70-130
  • 68% of population within 1 standard deviation of mean
  • Average = +/- 1 standard deviation of mean = 85-115
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14
Q

Describe the range of IQs

A
  • > 130 = Very Superior
  • 120-129 = Superior
  • 110-119 = High average
  • 90-109 = Average
  • 80-89 = Low average
  • 70-79 = Borderline
  • < 70 = Learning disabilities
  • 55-70 = Mild LD
  • 40-54 = Moderate LD
  • 25-39 = Severe LD
  • < 25 = Profound LD
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15
Q

What are the common intelligence scales?

A
  • Wechsler scales = WAIS + WASI + WISC + WPPSI
  • Raven’s progressive matrices = non-verbal
  • Cattell’s culture fair IQ test
  • National adult reading test
  • Bayley scales of infant/toddler development
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16
Q

Explain the clinical uses of IQ tests

A
  • Diagnosing + quantifying extent of learning disabilities = utilizing abilities and not force to learn things they are not able to
  • Diagnosing + characterizing which specific learning difficulty
  • Assessing intellectual impairment following trauma
17
Q

What are extraneous influences on IQ scores?

A
  • Familiarity with concepts + material
  • Motivation to do well
  • Distraction
  • Way test administered e.g. not tested according to same manual + test not in mother tongue
  • Sensory issues
  • Cultural issues e.g. different world views
18
Q

What are internal influences on IQ scores?

A
  • Emotional state e.g. anxiety + bereavement
  • Physical illness
  • Mental illness e.g. schizophrenia
19
Q

Describe the gender differences in IQ scores

A
  • Test designed to reduce sex differences
  • Males better at performance tasks
  • Females better at verbal tasks
  • Greater variation in male scores = more spread out with more at extreme ends
  • Female scores cluster around mean
20
Q

Describe the stability in scoring of IQ tests

A
  • Testing in 1921 Scotland of 11 year olds + re-tested at 80
  • Scores at 11 similar to 80 = either low/medium/high
  • Low IQ scores at 11 associated with:
    > Mortality
    > More likely to get lung cancer
    > More likely to experience psychiatric illness + dementia
21
Q

Describe the nature vs nurture of intelligence

A
  • Heritability = proportion of observed variation in a trait within a population that can be attributed to genetic variation
  • Heritability isn’t % of intelligence by genetics BUT how much genetic difference contributes to variations in intelligence while other % is due to environmental factors
  • Heritability in UK = 40-70%
  • To see the impact of genetic variability = make environment consistent = any change will be due to genetics
22
Q

What are the environmental influences on intelligence?

A
  • Poor nutrition
  • Environmental toxins
  • Exposure to drugs in utero
  • Lack of exposure to intellectually stimulating environment in childhood
  • Neurological injury/disease
  • Genetic disorder affecting brain development
23
Q

Describe the effect of poor nutrition on intelligence

A
  • Children in Guatemalan village = undernourished
  • Given protein diet for few years
  • 10 years later children scored higher in school than compared to control
24
Q

Describe the effect of environmental toxins on intelligence

A
  • Blood lead levels of children growing near smelting plants were negatively correlated with intelligence tests throughout childhood
  • Higher lead in blood = IQ 7.2 points lower
25
Q

Describe the effect of exposure to drugs in utero on intelligence

A
  • 4-year-olds with mothers who consumed small doses alcohol in pregnancy = IQ score 5 points lower
  • Similar results in 8-year-olds with mothers who consumed more
  • 2-year-olds with others using cocaine in pregnancy = 6 points lower + twice as likely as peers to have IQ<70
26
Q

Define Flynn effect

A

IQ increases generation after generation

27
Q

What is higher IQ in childhood associated with?

A
  • Fewer adult hospitalization for injury
  • Likely to become vegetarian
  • Less likely to smoke
  • Less likely to become obese
  • Lower mortality
  • Less prevalent PTSD/depression/schizophrenia
28
Q

What is lower IQ in childhood associated with?

A
  • Lower socio-econonmic status
  • Increased chance of hospitalization due to injury or assault
  • Incarceration
  • Early death

Psychology (19 decks)

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