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Psychology > Topic 2: barin mechanisms + behavior > Flashcards

Topic 2: barin mechanisms + behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Define biological psychology

A

Studies relationship between psychological processes + underlying physiological events = mind-body phenomenon

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2
Q

What did philosophers say about mind-body phenomenon

A
  • Rene = both mind + soul are spiritual entities separate from body
  • Leibniz = mind + body separate but activities parallel to each other
  • Watson = focused on observable human behavior + relationship with nervous system instead of spiritual/mental
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3
Q

Describe the parts of the nervous system

A

CNS:
- Brain
- Spinal cord
PNS:
- Sensory division
- Motor division:
- SNS
- ANS:
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic

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4
Q

Describe the parts of the embryonic brain

A

1) Prosencephalon = Forebrain
- Telencephalon = Cerebrum
- Diencephalon = Thalamus + epithalamus + hypothalamus
2) Mesencephalon = Midbrain = Corpora quadrigemnia + tegmentum + cerebral peduncles
3) Rhombencephalon = Hindbrain
- Metencephalon = Pons + cerebellum
- Myelencephalon = Medulla oblongata

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5
Q
A
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5
Q

Describe the structure of a neuron

A
  • Central body has dendrites coming out
  • There is terminal button at the end of every axon = pre-synaptic end = area where axon releases chemical substances
  • Messages sent through axon = action potential
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6
Q

How is potential achieved in a cell?

A
  • Intracellular fluid is negatively charged = A-/K+
  • Extracellular fluid is positively charged = Na+/Cl-
  • Na+/K+ transporter in cell membrane pumps out 3 Na+ and 2K+ in
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6
Q

What are the 2 types of structures of the PNS?

A

1) Nerves = enclosed bundle of axons
- Provides common pathway for electrochemical nerve impulses to be transmitted along
2) Ganglion = lumps attached to nerves + contain cells body of some neurons

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of nerves?

A

1) Afferent = carry info TO CNS
2) Efferent = carry info AWAY from CNS

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8
Q

What are the type of cells in the NS?

A

1) Unipolar/pseudounipolar = dendrite + axon from same process
2) Bipolar = axon + dendrite on opposite ends of cell body
3) Multipolar = 2/more dendrites separate from axon
4) Anaxonic = axon cannot be distinguished from dendrites

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9
Q

Define the neuroglia

A
  • Non-neuronal cells
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • Form myelin
  • Provide support + protection for neurons in CNS + PNS
  • 10x smaller than neurons but take 10x more space than neurons in brain
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10
Q

Give examples of the types of glial cells in the CNS + PNS

A

CNS:
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Microglia
PNS:
- Schwann cells
- Satellite cells

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11
Q

Explain the functions of the glial cells in the CNS

A

1) Astrocytes = has projections that link neurons to blood supply + forms blood-brain barrier
- regulate external chemical environment
2) Oligodendrocytes = produce myelin sheath for insulating axon = electrical signals more efficient
3) Ependymal cells = creation + secretion of cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Explain the functions of the glial cells in the PNS

A

1) Schwann cells = myelination to axons in PNS
- Phagocytotic activity + clear cellular debris = allow regrowth of neurons
2) Satellite Cells = regulation of external chemical environment

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13
Q

Explain how the blood-brain barrier was discovered

A
  • Paul Ehlirch found injecting dye into blood stream = tissue tinted other than spine + brain
  • But dye injected in ventricles of brain = color throughout CNS
  • Shows that there is a barrier between blood and fluid around brain cells
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14
Q

Describe the function of the BBB

A
  • It is selectively permeable
  • It is not uniform
  • E.g. area postrema = BBB weaker = neurons able to detect toxins in blood = once in circulatory system can stimulate this area to vomit
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15
Q

Explain what causes control of the reflex to withdraw

A
  • Action potential in axon of sensory neuron = activates excitatory interneuron
  • Action potential in action from brain = activates inhibitory interneuron
  • Inhibitory effect = prevents motor neuron firing
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16
Q

Explain how neurons communicate

A
  • Via synaptic transmission
  • Messages carried by neurotransmitters released at terminal buttons
  • Diffuse across fluid-filled gap between terminal buttons + membrane of synapse
  • Presynamptic membrane at end of terminal faces postsynaptic membrane on neuron receiving
  • Space in between = synaptic cleft = extracellular fluid where diffusion takes place
  • Cytoplasm of terminal button = synaptic vesicles = lots in presynaptic membrane
  • Synaptic vesicles produced in cell body + carried by axoplasmic transport to terminal buttons
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17
Q
A
18
Q

What are the 3 types of synapses?

A
  • Axodendritic = terminal button on dendrite
  • Axosomatic = terminal button on somatic membrane
  • Axoaxonic = synapse between 2 terminal buttons
19
Q

What is the size of the synaptic cleft?

A

1nm

20
Q

Identify 7 important neurotransmitters + behaviours

A

1) Acetylcholine = Voluntary muscle control + P.sympathetic NS + attention + alertness
2) Epinephrine = Fight/Flight + wakefulness + alertness
3) Norepinephrine = Fight/Flight + wakefulness + alertness
4) Dopamine = Smooth movements + postural stability
5) Serotonin = Mood + sleep + eating + dreaming
6) GABA = Brain stabilization
7) Endorphins = Natural painkiller

21
Q

Define somatic reflexes

A

Control involuntary movement + skeletal muscles

22
Q

Explain how reflexes work

A
  • Developed via repetition
  • Learning complex motor patterns
  • Spinal cord controls many motor functions/reactions
23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

24
Q

What are the parts of the forebrain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
25
Q

What are the parts of the midbrain?

A
  • Tegtum
  • Tegmentum
26
Q

What are the parts of the hindbrain?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla
27
Q

Describe the cerebrum

A
  • Largest part of the brain
  • Associated with higher brain functions
  • It has 4 sections:
    1) Frontal lobe
    2) Parietal lobe
    3) Occipital lobe
    4) Temporal lobe
28
Q

Describe the role of the frontal lobe

A
  • Reasoning
  • Planning
  • Movement
  • Involved in speech
  • Emotions
  • Problem solving
29
Q

Describe the role of the parietal lobe

A
  • Controls movement
  • Orientation
  • Recognition
30
Q

Describe the role of the occipital lobe

A
  • Visual perception
  • Processing
31
Q

Describe the function of temporal lobe

A
  • Controls perception
  • Recognizes auditory stimuli
  • Memory
  • Speech
32
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex

A
  • Wrinkled = increases surface area = more neurons = brain more efficient
33
Q

Describe the 2 hemispheres + functions

A
  • Division of cerebrum into 2 halves
  • Right = creativity
  • Left = logical abilities
34
Q

Define corpus callosum

A
  • Bundle of axons connecting 2 hemispheres
35
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A
  • Similar to cerebrum = 2 hemispheres
  • Has fold called cortex
  • Involved in regulation + coordination of movement + posture + balance
36
Q

Explain the limbic system

A
  • Referred to as emotional brain
  • Found in cerebrum
  • Has 4 parts :
    1) Thalamus
    2) Hypothalamus
    3) Amygdala
    4) Hippocampus
37
Q

Describe the role of the thalamus

A
  • Grey matter in forebrain
  • Centre for pain perception
38
Q

Describe the role of hypothalamus

A
  • Regulate homeostasis + emotion + thirst + hunger
  • Controls autonomic NS
39
Q

Describe the role of the amygdala

A
  • Part of telencephalon = temporal lobe
  • Involved in memory + emotion + fear
40
Q

Describe the role of the hippocampus

A
  • Important for learning + converting ST memory to LT
41
Q

Describe the brain stem + function

A
  • Underneath limbic system
  • Most simple part of brain
  • Responsible for vital life functions = breathing + heart beating + BP
42
Q

Describe the role of tectum + tegmentum in midbrain

A
  • Fuctions of vision + hearing + eye movement + body movement
43
Q

Describe the role of medulla + pons in hindbrain

A
  • Have centres for vital functions = breathing + heart beating
44
Q
A

Psychology (7 decks)

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