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Crime and Deviance > Topic 9: control, punishment and victims > Flashcards

Topic 9: control, punishment and victims Flashcards

1
Q

what does Clarke argue crime argue about situational crime prevention

A

‘pre- emptive approach that relies on reducing opportuties’

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2
Q

what does Clarke identify as reasons for situational crime preventions

A
  1. directed at specific crimes
  2. involve managing environment of the crime
  3. increases effort and reduces reward
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3
Q

name an example of situational crime prevention

A

‘target hardening’ such as locking windows increasing efforts, taking away coin metres reduces reward

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4
Q

what does Clarke argue about immediate crime solution

A

Clarke argues that we need to focus on immediate crime solution, not a revolution of socialisation (situational crime prevention) eg Felson - buses on NY changed eg sinks

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5
Q

what is a criticism of situational crime prevention

A

doesn’t reduce crime, simply displaces it if criminals act rationally, they will respond to target hardening by going somewhere softer eg subway crimes moved to the streets

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6
Q

what are the several forms of displacement

A
  1. spatial - moving somewhere else
  2. temporal - different time
  3. target - different victim
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7
Q

what is example of situational method

A

suicides from gassing common this went down after toxic gas coal was removed. there was no displacement

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8
Q

what is the evaluation is situational crime prevention

A
  • reduces some crimes but will be some displacement
  • focuses on opportunist crimes, ignores unite collar crime
  • ignores the roots of crime such as poverty
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9
Q

what did Wilson and Kelling’s argue about environmentally crime prevention

A

‘broken windows’

  • term is used for disorder such as vandalism, sends out a signal no one cares
  • absense of formal social control and informal
  • situation deteriorates, spiral of decline, magnet for deviants
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10
Q

what is argued about zero tolerance policing

A
  • disorder and absense of control leads to crime
  • solution: crackdown
    1. environmental improvement strategy eg repairs
    2. zero tolerance policing- tackle slightest disorder
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11
Q

what is the evidence to support the zero tolerance

A
  • new York ‘clean car program’ - subway cars taken away when they had any vandalism, as a result graffiti dramatically decreased
  • extended to city police dep= crackdown on warrants and resulted in 50% homicide drop
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12
Q

how is it not clear how far zero tolerance polices was a cause for improvement

A

there was a general decline in crime rates in major US cities at the time. - inclduding ones were police did not adopt a zero tolerance policy

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13
Q

what social and crime prevention strategies focus on

A

place the emphasis firmly on the potential offender and their social context

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14
Q

what is the aim of social and community crime prevention

A

remove the conditions that predispose individuals to crime in the first place

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15
Q

what reforms are suggested to limit crimes

A

more general social reform programmes, addressing these issues may have a crime prevention role, even if not their main focus. eg policies to remote full employment are likely to reduce crime as a ‘side effect’

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16
Q

explain the Perry pre school programme (social and community crime and prevention)

A

aimed at reducing criminality by using an experimental preschool project for disadvantaged black children in Michigan. An experimental group of 3-4 year olds was offered a 2 year intellectual enrichment programme. Also got weekly home visits

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17
Q

Give A03 points for social and community crime prevention

A
  • focus on low level of crimes

- ignore crimes of the powerful

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18
Q

what is argued about surveillance in sociology

A
  • ‘monitoring of public behaviour for the purpose of crime control’
  • 14c surveillance included nominating individuals to record those had plague to stop the spread
  • modern methods: CCTV, biometric scanning, databases
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19
Q

what does Foucault about the birth of power plate

A

two different forms of punishment

  1. soreign power - before 19c, monarch had power over bodies eg beheading
  2. disciplinary power - post 19c - governs not just the body, but mind. Not that capital punishment was seen as barbaric, but surveillance is more effective at controlling people
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20
Q

what is an example of Foucault birth of prison plate theory

A

Panocipitation prison - design where all cells were visible to the guard, but prisoners count see the guard. Therefore turns who self surveillance as could be watched any time

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21
Q

what does Foucault about the dispersal and discipline

A

any range of institutions that induced conformity through self surveillance eg mental asylums, factories, schools
disciplinary power has now dispersed through society eg social workers

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22
Q

what is the A03 for Foucault theory

A
  • exaggerates extent of control eg inmates resisting
  • CCTV be panoptic as it has no effect in crime apart from in car crimes
  • feminists criticise CCTV as an extension of male gaze
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23
Q

what dies metheisen argue about Foucault’s account of surveillance

A

while panopticon allows the few to monitor the many media also enables the many to watch the few - everybody watches everyone
Thompson - politicians fear media surveillance which acts a form of social control

24
Q

what is another example of synoptic surveillance

A

where the public monitor eachother

25
Q

what does haggerty and Erison argue about surveillant assemblages

A
  • surveillance involves manipulation of virtual objects

- different technologies can be combined to create a ‘data double’ eg CCTV and facial recognition

26
Q

what do feeley and Simon argue about actuarial justice and risk management

A

‘new technology of power’ is emerging
differs from Foucault as
1. focuses on groups
2. not interested in rehabilitation
3. uses ‘actuarial analysis’- used by the insurance industry, risk of particular events happening
aim of surveillance= to predict and not rehabitate

27
Q

what is an example of feeley and simons study

A

airport security do screen checks based on risk factors eg age ethnicity - given a risk score

28
Q

what is an contemporary example of feeley and simons study which is about acturial justice

A

in Birmingham anti terrorist organisation accused of racially prophiling Asians as terrorist

29
Q

what is argued about social sorting

A
  • lyon - categories people so they can be treated differently according to the level of risk they pose
  • ‘categorical suspicion’- placed under wrongdoing because they belong to a group eg Birmingham counter terrorism
30
Q

what are the effects of social sorting

A
  • danger is a self fulfilling prophecy
  • prophecies often complied using crime stats - more likely to be caught, convicted and confirmed the validity of the prophiling
31
Q

what do Norris and Armstrong argue about labelling

A
  • researchers shows that CCTV operators make discriminatory judgements of potential suspects eg black males
  • based on typifications, criminalisation of others is lessened as its ignored
32
Q

How is reduction a justification of punishing offenders

A

instrumental - means to an end
prevents future crime by
1. deterrence - making an example, thatcher’s short, sharp, shock
2. rehabilitation - reform prisoners eg anger management, half of all prisoners will reoffended
3. incapacitation - remove the offenders, America strikes + out

33
Q

How is retribution a justification of punishing offenders

A

expressive - it expresses society’s outrage

* idea that offenders deserve to be punished and society can seek revenge for breaking moral code

34
Q

what does Durkheim (functionalist) argue about punishment

A
  • upholds social solidarity
  • expressive - moral outrage
  • two types of justice
    1. retributive - traditional society, solidarity is based on similarities. strong collective conscience when offended, respired with severe punishment (expressive)
    2. restitutive - modern society, solidarity based on interdependence restitution is to restore things to how they were and society’s equilibrium
35
Q

A03 for functionalists perspectives on punishment

A

traditional societies often restitutive rather than retributive justice as Durkheim thought. eg blood feuds, where a member of one clan being killed by a member of another, are settled with compensation

36
Q

what do marxists argue about punishment

A
  • punishment maintains social order part of RSA
  • defends ruling class property eg 18c hanging were part of ‘rule of terror’
  • punishment reflects the economic base of society - money fines impossible without money so imprisonment becomes dominant
37
Q

what do Melossi and Pavarni argue about capitalism and punishment

A

see imprisonment as reflecting capitalist relations of production eg
prison and work both have strict disciplinary style involving subordination and loss of liberty

38
Q

what are the changing roles of prisons

A
  • before 18c, prison use to hold people before punishment eg execution
  • following enlightenment , prison seen as a form of punishment its self where offenders would be reformed by hard work
39
Q

what does imprisonment today look like

A
  • in liberal democracies, prisons seen as most severe punishment
  • However, not proven to be effective -2/3 reoffended
  • 1980s - ‘populist punitiveness’- politicians have sought electoral popularity by calling for tougher sentences
  • results= prison overcrowding, UK imprisoners higher proportion than most of western Europe
40
Q

what does Garland argue about the era of mass incarceration

A
  • Garland = USA moving to mass incarceration, federal and local jails, supervision - 3% of adult pop
  • black Americans 13% of US pop, 37% of prison pop
  • ideological ‘penal welfarism’ - idea of punishment will reintegrate prisoners (unemployed into society)
  • 1970s ‘tough crime’ policies led to more women in jail
41
Q

what is transcareration

A
  • individuals become locked into a cycle of control, shifting between different carceral agencies
    eg brought up in care - sent to young offenders- adult prison - mental asylum
  • some sociologists see transcarceration as a product of blurring of boundaries between criminal justice and welfare agencies
42
Q

what is argued to be the alternative to prisons

A

past - goal to divert young offenders from CJS eg probation

  • growth in these ranges eg curfews, tagging
  • however numbers in custody have been rising
  • cohen: ‘net of control’ increased range of sanctions enables to deepen
  • community controls may divert young people into it eeg ASBOS as a way to track young offenders
43
Q

what is argued about victims

A

definition: suffered harm (physical, mental, economic or emotional)
Christie = this definition is socially constructed, steroytype of victim by media such as old women
study of victims is known as victimology

44
Q

what does Miers argue about positivist victimology

A

has three features:

  1. Aims to identify factors that produce patters eg groups more likely to be victims
  2. focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence
  3. identifies victims who have contributed to their victimisation
45
Q

what else is argued about positivist victimology

A
  • victim proneness , social/ psychological traits that make them more vulnerable
  • Hentig: 13 traits eg females, elderly, display valuables ‘invite victimisation’
    eg wolf gangs 588 homicides - ‘victim precipitation’- 26% triggered events such as using violence first
46
Q

A03 for positivist victimology

A

+ shows importance of victim offender relationship, chance who becomes victim

  • ignores wider factors such as poverty
  • victim blaming
47
Q

what is critical victimology

A
  • conflict theories eg marxists and feminists
    1) structural factors such as patriarchy and poverty which place powerless groups eg women ate greater risk
    2) state power - apply or deny label of victim eg not pressing charges in cases
48
Q

what do Tombs and Whyte argue about critical victimology

A
  • ‘safety crimes’ death or injury to workers explained as ‘accident prone’, rape victims blamed
  • ‘de- labelling’ - hides crimes of powerful
  • hierarchy of victimisation - powerless most likely to be victimised but least likely to be acknowledged
49
Q

A03 for critical victimology

A
  • disregard roles victims might play on bringing crime on themselves
    + valuable in showing that victims status is constructed by power
50
Q

patterns of victimisation: class

A
  • crime rates highest in areas of deprivation

- homless people 12x more likely to be victims of violence

51
Q

patterns of victimisation: Age

A
  • most at risk of murder is under 1s
  • teens more vulnerable to sexual assault/ theft
  • older most at risk of abuse but less visible
52
Q

patterns of victimisation: ethnicity

A
  • minority groups most at risk, especially hate crimes

- more likely to feel under protected but over protected

53
Q

patterns of victimisation: gender

A
  • males greater risk of violent crimes (70% murderers)

- women are more likely to be at risk of domestic violence, sexual violence, stalking

54
Q

pattern of victimisation: repeat victimisation

A
  • if you have been a victim once, more likely to be a victim again
55
Q

impact of victimisation

A
  • long term effects eg disrupted sleep, helplessness, social functioning
  • indirect victims eg witness of sniper
  • hate crimes spread to whole community

Crime and Deviance (9 decks)

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