Globalisation, Green crime, Human rights & state crime Flashcards
what does globalisation mean
refers to the increasing connectedness of societies, one locality is shaped by different events
what are the causes of globalisation
has many causes this includes the spread of new information and communications technologies, cheap air flight, mass media
what did Held argue about the global criminal economy
suggests that their has been a globalisation of crime which has brought about transnational organised crime
what did castell argue about the global criminal economy
argues that there is now a global criminal economy worth over 1 trillion per year. This takes a number of forms
- Arms trafficking to illegal groups such as terrorists
- smuggling of illegal immigrants eg Chinese triads make 2.5 billion
- trafficking in women and children often linked to prostitution and slavery, also traffic body parts
what is argued about supply and demand
demand from the rich west, couldn’t function without the supply side eg drugs
linked to globalisation eg third world countries in poverty, in Columbia cocaine outsells all other exports combined
what is argued about global risk and consciousness
- risk is now seen as global and not tied to one place eg fear of asylum seekers
- our knowledge of risk comes from the media ‘moral panics’
- eg asylum seekers seen as scroungers led to a rise in hate crime
what does Taylor argue about capitalism
- globalisation has led to changes in patterns in crime
- allowed cooperation’s to switch manufacturing to low wage countries producing poverty. This widens inequality and encourages people to turn to crime
- allowed opportunities for elite groups
- led to new patterns of employment
what is the A03 for Taylor- capitalism
does not explain how changes make people behave in criminal ways eg not all poor people commit crimes
what do Rothe and Friedrichs argue about crimes of globalisation
examine the role of international financial organisations. organisations are dominated by major capitalist states. eg world bank has 188 countries, yet hold 1/3 of the voting rights.
argue these bodies impose pro capitalist programmes on poor countries for loans they provide eg cut spending on education
creates conditions for crime
what do Hobbs and Dunnigham argue about patterns of criminal organisations
- the way crime is organised is linked to the economic changes brought by globalisation
- individuals with contacts acting as a ‘hub’ with other individuals looking for opportunities
- this contrasts with large scale, hierarchal, ‘mafia’ crime
what is argued about Glocal organisations
Hobbs and Dunningham
- crime is still rooted in local context
- still locally based but has global connections
- H & D argue that crime has shifted from rigid hierarchal structures to flexible and entrepreneurial crimes
what is AO3 for Glocal organisations
not clear if these crimes are clear
what does Glenny argue about the Mcmafia
- organisations that emerged in Russia after the fall of communism
- linked to break up of the soviet union and deregulation of global markers
- Gov no longer regulated prices of everything
- Those with money could buy diamonds, oils etc at low costs and sell them on for a huge profit
- these people would turn to the mafia to help them protect their wealth
- able to move out of country and make connectiosn gloablly
what is the global risk society
most threats to humans are now human made compared to drought/famine
eg- russia triggered heatwaves and fires - destroyed drain grain belt - rose the prices in Mozambique and triggered costing
what did Beck argue about global risk society
increase in productivity has new manufatured risks eg global warming - effects people globally. global risk society
what is the traditional criminologists approach to whether green crime is a matter for criminologists
not concerned as no law has been broken. Follows international laws eg definition of environmental crime as a commission
what is the evaluation of traditional criminologists approach on green crime
+ clear defined subject matter
- accepts definitions made by powerful groups.
what is the green criminologists approach to whether green crime is a matter for criminologists
take a radical, notion of harm rather than law. ‘regressive criminology’ - oversteps boundaries of traditionalism to include new issues
(zemiology the study of harms)
different counties have different laws so cant provide consistent standard of harm. Agree with marxists that powerful groups can define crime in exploitative ways
what are the two views of harm
- Anthropocentric - humans have the right to dominate nature and put economic growth first
- Ecocentric - humans + environmental interdependent, liable to exploitation (green crime)
what is primary green crimes + example
Primary green crimes are crimes which result directly from destruction an degradation of the earths resources.
eg crime of air pollution: burning of fossil fuels (6 billion tons of carbon) potential criminals are the GOV, Businesses and consumers
species decline: 50 species a day are becoming extinct due to deforestation and animal trafficking
what is secondary green crime + example
These are crimes which grow out of the flouting of rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters
eg hazardous waste - disposable of toxic waste is Highley profitable. legal disposal is expensive.
what is the evaluation for green criminology
+ recognises the growing importance of global issues and need to address names
- by focusing on harms, hard to define the boundaries, matter of values
what is the scale of state crime
state enormous power to give it the potential to inflict harm on a huge scale- 262 million murdered by government in 21st century
what is the states source of law
states role to define what is criminal but its power means it can conceal crimes. Makes it difficult for the UN to intervene as the state acts as a supreme authority
