Globalisation, Green crime, Human rights & state crime

Question 1

what does globalisation mean

Answer 1

refers to the increasing connectedness of societies, one locality is shaped by different events

Question 2

what are the causes of globalisation

Answer 2

has many causes this includes the spread of new information and communications technologies, cheap air flight, mass media

Question 3

what did Held argue about the global criminal economy

Answer 3

suggests that their has been a globalisation of crime which has brought about transnational organised crime

Question 4

what did castell argue about the global criminal economy

Answer 4

argues that there is now a global criminal economy worth over 1 trillion per year. This takes a number of forms

1. Arms trafficking to illegal groups such as terrorists
2. smuggling of illegal immigrants eg Chinese triads make 2.5 billion
3. trafficking in women and children often linked to prostitution and slavery, also traffic body parts

Question 5

what is argued about supply and demand

Answer 5

demand from the rich west, couldn’t function without the supply side eg drugs
linked to globalisation eg third world countries in poverty, in Columbia cocaine outsells all other exports combined

Question 6

what is argued about global risk and consciousness

Answer 6

• risk is now seen as global and not tied to one place eg fear of asylum seekers
• our knowledge of risk comes from the media ‘moral panics’
• eg asylum seekers seen as scroungers led to a rise in hate crime

Question 7

what does Taylor argue about capitalism

Answer 7

• globalisation has led to changes in patterns in crime
• allowed cooperation’s to switch manufacturing to low wage countries producing poverty. This widens inequality and encourages people to turn to crime
• allowed opportunities for elite groups
• led to new patterns of employment

Question 8

what is the A03 for Taylor- capitalism

Answer 8

does not explain how changes make people behave in criminal ways eg not all poor people commit crimes

Question 9

what do Rothe and Friedrichs argue about crimes of globalisation

Answer 9

examine the role of international financial organisations. organisations are dominated by major capitalist states. eg world bank has 188 countries, yet hold 1/3 of the voting rights.
argue these bodies impose pro capitalist programmes on poor countries for loans they provide eg cut spending on education
creates conditions for crime

Question 10

what do Hobbs and Dunnigham argue about patterns of criminal organisations

Answer 10

• the way crime is organised is linked to the economic changes brought by globalisation
• individuals with contacts acting as a ‘hub’ with other individuals looking for opportunities
• this contrasts with large scale, hierarchal, ‘mafia’ crime

Question 11

what is argued about Glocal organisations

Answer 11

Hobbs and Dunningham

• crime is still rooted in local context
• still locally based but has global connections
• H & D argue that crime has shifted from rigid hierarchal structures to flexible and entrepreneurial crimes

Question 12

what is AO3 for Glocal organisations

Answer 12

not clear if these crimes are clear

Question 13

what does Glenny argue about the Mcmafia

Answer 13

• organisations that emerged in Russia after the fall of communism
• linked to break up of the soviet union and deregulation of global markers
• Gov no longer regulated prices of everything
• Those with money could buy diamonds, oils etc at low costs and sell them on for a huge profit
• these people would turn to the mafia to help them protect their wealth
• able to move out of country and make connectiosn gloablly

Question 14

what is the global risk society

Answer 14

most threats to humans are now human made compared to drought/famine
eg- russia triggered heatwaves and fires - destroyed drain grain belt - rose the prices in Mozambique and triggered costing

Question 15

what did Beck argue about global risk society

Answer 15

increase in productivity has new manufatured risks eg global warming - effects people globally. global risk society

Question 16

what is the traditional criminologists approach to whether green crime is a matter for criminologists

Answer 16

not concerned as no law has been broken. Follows international laws eg definition of environmental crime as a commission

Question 17

what is the evaluation of traditional criminologists approach on green crime

Answer 17

+ clear defined subject matter

- accepts definitions made by powerful groups.

Question 18

what is the green criminologists approach to whether green crime is a matter for criminologists

Answer 18

take a radical, notion of harm rather than law. ‘regressive criminology’ - oversteps boundaries of traditionalism to include new issues
(zemiology the study of harms)
different counties have different laws so cant provide consistent standard of harm. Agree with marxists that powerful groups can define crime in exploitative ways

Question 19

what are the two views of harm

Answer 19

1. Anthropocentric - humans have the right to dominate nature and put economic growth first
2. Ecocentric - humans + environmental interdependent, liable to exploitation (green crime)

Question 20

what is primary green crimes + example

Answer 20

Primary green crimes are crimes which result directly from destruction an degradation of the earths resources.
eg crime of air pollution: burning of fossil fuels (6 billion tons of carbon) potential criminals are the GOV, Businesses and consumers
species decline: 50 species a day are becoming extinct due to deforestation and animal trafficking

Question 21

what is secondary green crime + example

Answer 21

These are crimes which grow out of the flouting of rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters
eg hazardous waste - disposable of toxic waste is Highley profitable. legal disposal is expensive.

Question 22

what is the evaluation for green criminology

Answer 22

+ recognises the growing importance of global issues and need to address names
- by focusing on harms, hard to define the boundaries, matter of values

Question 23

what is the scale of state crime

Answer 23

state enormous power to give it the potential to inflict harm on a huge scale- 262 million murdered by government in 21st century

Question 24

what is the states source of law

Answer 24

states role to define what is criminal but its power means it can conceal crimes. Makes it difficult for the UN to intervene as the state acts as a supreme authority

Question 25

what are the case studies of state crime

Answer 25

1. political crimes eg corruption
2. crimes by security eg genocide
3. economic crimes eg violation of health and safety
4. cultural crimes eg racism

Question 26

what is an example of the Rwanda genocide

Answer 26

Rwanda was a Belgium colony used minority tutsi to rule over Hutu majority. Gained independence and civil war broke out. Government anti tutsi propaganda led to genocide of 800,000 tutsis

Question 27

how does chambliss/ domestic law define state crime

Answer 27

• chambliss - ‘acts defined by law as criminal and committed by the state officials in pursuit of their jobs.
• Using a state law to define crime is inadequate ignores the states power to make laws for own purposes eg Nazi sterilisation of the disabled

Question 28

how do social harm and Zemiology (study of harm) define state crime

Answer 28

• recognises that harm done by states is not against the law
• Michalowski= also includes ‘legally permissible acts where consequence are similar to illegal ones’
• Hillyard = replace the study of crimes with ‘zemiology’- study of harms, regardless of the law (single standard)
  CRITICS ARGUE TOO VAGUE- WHO DECIDES AS WHAT COUNTS AS A HARM

Question 29

how does labelling define crime

Answer 29

-state crime is socially constructed, varies over time + culture
- prevents sociologists imposing their own definition when this may not be how the audience defines it
negatives

Question 30

limitations of labelling theorists opinion on how they define crime

Answer 30

• more vague than harms definition
• unclear what to do if different audiences reach different verdicts
• ignores that audiences may be manipulated by ruling class ideology eg war as legitimate

Question 31

How does international law define crime + evaluations

Answer 31

some sociologists base definitions on international law eg treaties
+ doesn’t depend on audience or sociologists definition
- however, like state, definitions are social construction using power, maybe intentionally designed to deal with state crime eg japan gave foreign aid Jamaican to bribe them to vote against whale hunting ban

Question 32

how do human rights define crime + evaluation

Answer 32

1. natural rights - people have simply by existing
2. Civil rights - eg vote, education
   Hermon - define state crimes as violation of basic human rights
   + rights are now global norms and all states care about this image. sociologists should defend human rights(transgressive)
   - about what counts as human rights

Question 33

how does the authoritarian personality explain state crime

Answer 33

• willingness to obey orders through disciplinarian socialisation (ww2)
• little psychological difference between psychopaths + people who carry out genocides

Question 34

How does crimes of obedience explain state crime

Answer 34

• state crimes are crimes of conformity

- people willing to obey authority even when it harms others

Question 35

what do Green and Ward argue about crimes of obedience as a way of explaining state crime

Answer 35

• green and ward - tortures are re-socialised and trained to see the person as a ‘enemy’
• study of my lai massacre- 3 factors
  1. authorisation - acts approved by those in authority
  2. Routinisation - turn the act into a routine
  3. Dehumanisation- enemy is portrayed as subhuman

Question 36

how does modernity explain state crimes

Answer 36

some argue that a breakdown of modern civilisation results in reversion to barbarism
- Ballman disagrees and argues the following made the holocaust happen
1. division of labour - everyone has one talk
2. Bureaucratisation - made it a routine job
3.instrumental rationality- rational methods used to achieve a goal
4. science + technology
AO3 not all genocides occur through s high division of labour

Question 37

How does Culture of denial explain state crimes

Answer 37

• democratic states have to legitimate their actions in more complex ways
• spiral of state denial:
  1. “it didn’t happen”
  2. “if it did happen it was something else”
  3. “Even if it did happen it was unjustified”

Question 38

what are the techniques of neutralisation

Answer 38

Cohen shows how the state uses the same techniques to justify human rights violations

1. neuralisation - denial of crime
2. denial of injury
3. denial of responsibility
4. condemning the condemners
5. appeal to higher loyalty