Topic 9 Flashcards
These are sources of waters of hydrothermal solutions except,
a. Seawater
b. Meteoric Water
c. Magmatic Sources
d. Distilled Water
d. Distilled Water
Solubilities of many metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) in a magmatic H₂O fluid are strongly dependent on these except,
a. Ability of hydrothermal fluid to transport metals
b. Cl- concentration
c. Pressure and Temperature
d. None of the Above
d. None of the Above
Hydrothermal Alteration replaces primary minerals with alteration minerals stable at __°C in a post - magmatic environment.
a. 50 - 400 °C
b. 80 - 400 °C
c. 70 - 500 °C
d. 60 - 500 °C
a. 50 - 400 °C
These are the processes involving heat and fluid interactions except,
a. Hydrothermal
b. Magmatic - Hydrothermal
c. Geothermal
d. None of the Above
d. None of the Above
What type of water forms in cooler environments where CO₂ dissolves in water, affecting its pH and mineral content?
a. Neutral Chloride Water
b. Acid Water
c. Bicarbonate Water
d. Sulfate Water
c. Bicarbonate Water
A __ is a vent or opening in the Earth’s crust that emits volcanic gases, such as steam (water vapor), carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S).
a. Solfatara
b. Geyser
c. Fumarole
d. Silica Sinter
c. Fumarole
Which type of alteration is associated with the formation of Epidote, Diopside, Wollastonite, Tremolite, and Actinolite, typically occurring in contact metamorphic settings, especially in skarn deposits?
a. Chloritic Alteration
b. Argillic Alteration
c. Calc-Silicate Alteration
d. Silicic Alteration
c. Calc-Silicate Alteration
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of magmatic fluids in a hydrothermal system?
a. Lower salinity and temperature b. Higher salinity and higher temperature c. High pH and low salinity d. Low pH and low salinity
b. Higher salinity and higher temperature
A type of fumarole that emits sulfur-rich gases and forms sulfur deposits.
a. Silica Sinter
b. Fumarole
c. Geyser
d. Solfatara
d. Solfatara
What are the minerals associated with epithermal alteration?
a. Quartz, Adularia, Smectitte, illite, Chlorite, Pyrite, and Calcite
b. Calcite, Pyrite, Smectite, illite, Calcite, and Galena
c. Quartz, Adularia, illite, Chlorite, Pyrite, Calcite, Albite, and Smectite
d. Quartz, Pyrite, Calcite, illite, Chlorite, Smectite, Galena and Albite
c. Quartz, Adularia, illite, Chlorite, Pyrite, Calcite, Albite, and Smectite
The process in which silica (SiO₂) replaces the original mineral constituents of rocks or organic materials, often leading to the formation of siliceous minerals.
a. Argillization
b. Zoning
c. Geothermal Scales
d. Silicification
d. Silicification
Common hydrothermal alterations in the southern Negros geothermal field include:
a. Potassic and Argillic
b. Argillic, Potassic, and Phyllic
c. Advanced argillic and Silicic
d. Advanced argillic and Potassic
d. Advanced argillic and Potassic
Is formed by processes occurring within the earth, especially mineralization associated with ascending hot fluids (hydrothermal).
a. Supragene
b. Hypogene
c. Supergenne
d. Supergene
b. Hypogene
Boiling due to pressure drop is called retrograde boiling; whereas depressurization without heat loss or adiabatic decompression is called?
a. Throttling
b. Scales
c. Supergene
d. Geothermal
a. Throttling
Argillic alteration is often associated with which type of hydrothermal fluid?
a. High-temperature, neutral pH
b. Low-temperature, acidic pH
c. High-temperature, acidic pH
d. Low-temperature, neutral pH
b. Low-temperature, acidic pH
It is the chemical or physical change that rock or mineral undergo due to heat, pressure and fluid interaction.
Alteration
This involves volcanic and plutonic processes related to the generation of hydrous magma. Formed at convergent plate boundaries due to the subduction of an oceanic plate.
Magmatic Arc
Hot, mineral-rich fluids that contain a high concentration of dissolved salts and minerals. Typically do not easily infiltrate ordinary minerals through ionic substitution.
Hydrothermal Solutions
Naturally occurring groundwater, brines, vapor and steam. It is an essential substance of geothermal energy production.
Geothermal Fluids
A substance that releases hydrogen ions (𝐻+) and has a pH less than 7.
Acid
Are mineral compounds deposited from geothermal wells when there is a disturbance in thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium that may result in certain degree of super saturation.
Geothermal Scales / Scales
Comes from the Greek word geo (earth) and therme (heat).
Geothermal
Induces water convection, causing heated water to rise and cooler water to sink, which facilitates leaching and redox reactions
Geothermal Gradient
A hydrothermal infill on a fracture or rock mass; it may be linear, branching, or as a stockwork pattern.
Open-space Filling
Involves hot magma fluids interacting with rocks, causing changes and new minerals at 600 - 900 °C.
Magmatic - Hydrothermal Alteration
The network of veins and hydrothermal fluids that permeate the crust of the earth between the magma chamber and the surface of the earth, and the metal deposits.
Epithermal Systems
Separation of metals from aqueous melts.
Partitioning
A natural process that changes the chemical composition or crystal structure of minerals in shallow hydrothermal systems.
Epithermal Alteration
The replacement or alteration of feldspars to form clay minerals especially in wall rocks adjacent to hydrothermal bodies.
Argillization
Also known as geyserite, this is a superficial, chemically deposited siliceous precipitate
Silica Sinter
