Topic 9

Question 1

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 1

Animals with two halfs of their body
Ex: Humans, beetles

Question 2

Centralized Nervous System

Answer 2

The main processing cells (neurons) are along midline (middle) of the animal

Question 3

Cephalized Nervous System

Answer 3

Some of those centraized neurons have been concentrated near the head region (that is because that is where most of the sensory organs are located)

Question 4

Radial Symmetry

Answer 4

whole body is composed of many similar sections centered around a central axis or point (cut into many pieces like a pie/pizza)
Ex: Coral Polyp, sea stars

Question 5

Nerve Net

Answer 5

loosely organized collections of neurons without a single concentrated processing center
Ex: Hydra and Jellyfish

Question 6

Asymmetrical Symmetry

Question 7

Nerve Ring

Answer 7

concentrated ring of neurons that may serve as a simplified processing region.
Ex: Sea stars and Urchins

Question 8

Parts of a Neuron

Answer 8

-Dendrites
-cell body (Soma)
-Axon
-Axon hillock
-Axon Terminal

Question 9

Dendrites

Answer 9

Receives incoming signal and converts to graded electrical signals

Question 10

Cell Body (soma)

Answer 10

Main location for cellular organelles and support structures

Question 11

Axon Hillock

Answer 11

Changes graded potentials to single action potential, if strong enough.
-Changes from grated potential to Action Potential

Question 12

Axon

Answer 12

Conducts action potential (all or nothing electrical signal) towards the target cell

Question 13

Synaptic terminals/Axon Terminals

Answer 13

Relays electrical signals to target cell (via electrical or chemical means)

Question 14

Graded Potential

Answer 14

-variable strength elecrical signal
-abunadance of receptor proteins along membrane to receive specific types of incoming information

Question 15

Action Potential

Answer 15

-All or nothing full strength action potential signal
-membrane proteins concentrated at nodes (when myelin is present)
-membrane proteins and cytoplasm dedicated to conduction of electrical signals

Question 16

Neural Network (curcuits)

Answer 16

They go from peripheral to central back to peripheral

Question 17

Peripheral 1

Answer 17

Sensory neurons collect information about their environment (inside or outside the body)

Question 18

Central

Answer 18

Interneurons processing masters of information compared to set-points

Question 19

Peripheral 2

Answer 19

motor neurons receive commands to signals from the CNS to carry out jobs

Question 20

Afferent nerve pathways

Answer 20

take information collected by sensory neurons n towards the central nervous system

Question 21

Effect nerve pathways

Answer 21

take messages about how to respond out of the central nervous system

Question 22

Nerves

Answer 22

are bundles of axons, with occasional groups of ganglia along the way, that connect different parts of the nervous system together
-Nerves can contain afferent and efferent bundles

Question 23

What are the four common glial cells in the CNS

Answer 23

-Astrocyte
-Microglial Cell
-Ependymal cells
-oligodendrocytes

Question 24

Astrocytes

Answer 24

Support environment around neurons, particpate in and influence BBB (blood-brain barrier)

Question 25

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 25

Insulate axons (with myelin sheath) and allow signals to move faster

Question 26

Ependymal cells

Answer 26

Filter blood and create CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and creases the flow of CSF

Question 27

Microglial Cells

Answer 27

engulf and destroy pathogens

Question 28

Types of Glial cells in the Perpherial Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 28

Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells

Question 29

Satellite Cells

Answer 29

Support and stablilize environment around neurons

Question 30

Schwann Cells

Answer 30

Insulate axons in PNS, allow signals to move faster