Topic 8- rise of the eukaryotes & diversity of protists

Question 1

do unikonts have chloroplasts?

Answer 1

no

no chloroplast=no dna related to cyanobacteria

Question 2

photosynthetic cyanobacteria use _____ to split H2O into _____ and ___

Answer 2

sunlight

H and O

Question 3

O2 was ___ to most early life (the descendants of obligate anaerobes- now found in rotting oxygen-free substrates)
- those who could cope with/ utilize O2 gained advantages over the others, and some prokaryotes began to respire ____

Answer 3

toxic

aerobically

Question 4

eukarya have dna in _____ chromosomes in a ___-___ nucleus

Answer 4

linear

membrane bound

Question 5

Since eukaryotes are more ___ than prokaryotes, they’re often much _____

Answer 5

efficient

larger

Question 6

explain the 1st step in prokaryotes become eukaryotes with nuclei

Answer 6

infoldings of cell membrane leads to:

• endoplasmic reticulum
• nuclear envelope

Question 7

explain the 2nd step of theory of endosymbiosis

Answer 7

ancestral host cell took on an endosymbiotic aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote

• uses O2 & organic matter –> energy
• eventually became mitochondrion
• Now, animals, fungi and many protists have mitochondria!

Question 8

explain the 3rd step of theory of endosymbiosis

Answer 8

other lineages engulfed photosynthetic prokaryotes

• most likely cyanobacteria
• use light ad CO2 to make organic compounds

Question 9

photosynthetic protists (Eg algae) and plants have _______ endosymbiosis

Answer 9

primary

Question 10

the # of membranes an organelle has depends on its origin

• 2 membranes if ____ endosymbiosis
• ___ membranes if secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 10

primary

3 or more

Question 11

eukaryotes, protists excludes:
1
2
3

Answer 11

plants
animals
fungi

Question 12

protists are mostly uni or multicellular?

Answer 12

unicellular

there are some colonial & multicellular species

Question 13

Is kingdom protista a mono, para, or poly phyletic group

Answer 13

para and poly

Question 14

what are the 4 protist supergroups?

Answer 14

Excavata
SAR clade
Archaeplastida (plants)
Unikonta (fungi and animals)

Question 15

in eukaryotes, multicellularity has evolved ____, so it is not a ___-___ trait

Answer 15

separately

shared-derived

Question 16

Why did multicellularity evolve? List 2 hypothesis

Answer 16

1. large size is advantageous

2. “left wall of minimum complexity”- to avoid competition, become different/ bigger than others

Question 17

how did multicellularity evolve? List 3

Answer 17

1. symbiosis: 2 species coming together –> multicellular
2. internal division of multinucleate organisms
3. coloniality

Question 18

what does the SAR clade stand for

Answer 18

Stramenopiles
Alveolates
Rhizarians

Question 19

dinoflagellates have __ flagella and the cell is reinforced by __ ____

Answer 19

2

cellulose plates

Question 20

An example of a ciliate is a ____

Answer 20

paramecium

Question 21

supergroup excavata are mostly heterotrophic ____

give 2 examples

Answer 21

protozoans (ie animal-like protists)

sleeping sickness and diarrhea

Question 22

algae are ____trophs and undergo ____ _ ____

Answer 22

photoauto

alternation of generations

Question 23

___ and ____ are the closest relatives of land plants

- land plants are descended from ___ __

Answer 23

red algae and green algae

green algae

Question 24

plantae or ____ is the supergroup that includes: (3)

- the chloroplasts have __ membrane(s)

Answer 24

archaeplastida
red algae, green algae, land plants
2

Question 25

unikonts are the only protozoan group to lack ___

Answer 25

plastid genes

Question 26

how do protists reproduce?

Answer 26

both asexually (mitosis & cell division in eukaryotes, fission in bacteria& archaea) and sexually (meiosis & fusion of gametes)