Topic 8- rise of the eukaryotes & diversity of protists Flashcards
do unikonts have chloroplasts?
no
no chloroplast=no dna related to cyanobacteria
photosynthetic cyanobacteria use _____ to split H2O into _____ and ___
sunlight
H and O
O2 was ___ to most early life (the descendants of obligate anaerobes- now found in rotting oxygen-free substrates)
- those who could cope with/ utilize O2 gained advantages over the others, and some prokaryotes began to respire ____
toxic
aerobically
eukarya have dna in _____ chromosomes in a ___-___ nucleus
linear
membrane bound
Since eukaryotes are more ___ than prokaryotes, they’re often much _____
efficient
larger
explain the 1st step in prokaryotes become eukaryotes with nuclei
infoldings of cell membrane leads to:
- endoplasmic reticulum
- nuclear envelope
explain the 2nd step of theory of endosymbiosis
ancestral host cell took on an endosymbiotic aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote
- uses O2 & organic matter –> energy
- eventually became mitochondrion
- Now, animals, fungi and many protists have mitochondria!
explain the 3rd step of theory of endosymbiosis
other lineages engulfed photosynthetic prokaryotes
- most likely cyanobacteria
- use light ad CO2 to make organic compounds
photosynthetic protists (Eg algae) and plants have _______ endosymbiosis
primary
the # of membranes an organelle has depends on its origin
- 2 membranes if ____ endosymbiosis
- ___ membranes if secondary endosymbiosis
primary
3 or more
eukaryotes, protists excludes:
1
2
3
plants
animals
fungi
protists are mostly uni or multicellular?
unicellular
there are some colonial & multicellular species
Is kingdom protista a mono, para, or poly phyletic group
para and poly
what are the 4 protist supergroups?
Excavata
SAR clade
Archaeplastida (plants)
Unikonta (fungi and animals)
in eukaryotes, multicellularity has evolved ____, so it is not a ___-___ trait
separately
shared-derived
Why did multicellularity evolve? List 2 hypothesis
- large size is advantageous
2. “left wall of minimum complexity”- to avoid competition, become different/ bigger than others
how did multicellularity evolve? List 3
- symbiosis: 2 species coming together –> multicellular
- internal division of multinucleate organisms
- coloniality
what does the SAR clade stand for
Stramenopiles
Alveolates
Rhizarians
dinoflagellates have __ flagella and the cell is reinforced by __ ____
2
cellulose plates
An example of a ciliate is a ____
paramecium
supergroup excavata are mostly heterotrophic ____
give 2 examples
protozoans (ie animal-like protists)
sleeping sickness and diarrhea
algae are ____trophs and undergo ____ _ ____
photoauto
alternation of generations
___ and ____ are the closest relatives of land plants
- land plants are descended from ___ __
red algae and green algae
green algae
plantae or ____ is the supergroup that includes: (3)
- the chloroplasts have __ membrane(s)
archaeplastida
red algae, green algae, land plants
2
unikonts are the only protozoan group to lack ___
plastid genes
how do protists reproduce?
both asexually (mitosis & cell division in eukaryotes, fission in bacteria& archaea) and sexually (meiosis & fusion of gametes)
