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bio 108 > Topic 20- Amniote Evolution > Flashcards

Topic 20- Amniote Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are amniotes?

A

tetrapods who have gained an extra feature that allows them to disassociate the need for water for fertilization & allows them to emerge on land

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2
Q

The amniote clade is ___ and ____

- the key unifying feature is an ____ ___ (ancestral condition)

A

mammals and reptiles

amniotic egg

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3
Q

Amniotes use internal/ external fertilization.

A

internal

-They use copulation

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4
Q

What does the amniotic egg provide?

A
  • protects from desiccation (shell, chorion, amnion)
  • gas exchange (allantois, chorion)
  • nutrients (yolk)
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5
Q

4 extraembryonic membranes form the ___ in mammals. List the 4

A

placenta

  • amnion
  • allantois
  • chorion
  • yolk sac
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6
Q

Amniotes have waterproof skin (with ___). What does that do?

A

keratin

  • reduces water lost to atmosphere
  • less permeable- better protection
  • must solely rely on lungs for gas exchange
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7
Q

The buccal pump becomes replaced with ___

- there are muscles associated with the ____ __ to ventilate lungs

A

lungs

- rib-cage

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8
Q

2 major clades of amniotes

A
  1. reptilia (including birds)

2. Synapsida (includes mammals and numerous extinct taxa)

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9
Q

of holes in skull used to classify amniotes. List the 3 skull types .

A
  1. Anapsid: no holes (eg turtles)
  2. Synapsid: 1 hole per side (eg mammals)
  3. Diapsid: 2 holes per side behind eye socket: removes weight (eg. replilia, birds)
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10
Q

The holes in skulls allow ____ to pass through to the jaw to control ___ ____

A

muscles

jaw movement

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11
Q

Non-avian reptiles include/ exclude

A 
includes turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes 
excludes birds (they're avian reptiles)
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12
Q

the skin of non-avian reptiles is protected by thick, dry, ____ made of ___
- they ___the outer part

A

scales, keratin

shed

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13
Q

describe the eggshell of non-avian reptiles

A

it is leathery to protect from desiccation

- a few species are viviparous, with extra-embryonic membranes acting as a placenta

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14
Q

Reptiles are ___(ecto/endotherms) meaning they rely on ______ to maintain ________(___)

A

ectotherms

rely on environmental heat to maintain appropriate temperature (homeostasis)

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15
Q

how do reptiles control body temp?

A

behaviorally.

they don’t expend metabolic energy on heating, meaning they need much fewer calories than say mammals !

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16
Q

Reptiles care for their young ____ (except in ___)

A

little

crocodilians

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17
Q

Order Testudines (___and __) have a ____(bony dorsal and ventral shield)

A

Turtles and tortoises

shell

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18
Q

What kind of skull do turtles have? How many holes?

A

Anapsid (no holes other than the eye sockets)

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19
Q

Male testudines have an intromittent organ, which : _________

A

is a genitalic structure to transfer sperm to female

20
Q

Why do turtles nest on land?

What do they eat?

A
  • because their amniotic egg needs oxygen

- they are herbivores and carnivores, so they eat fish, jellyfish, etc

21
Q

Tuataras have teeth ____ to ___ ___

- do they copulate?

A

teeth fused to jaw bones

- yes, but they lack an intromittent organ

22
Q

order squamate includes ___ and ____

A

snakes, lizards

23
Q

squamates are characterized by: (list 2)

A
  1. loosely jointed jaws and skull

2. paired hemipenes in male

24
Q

what do lizards have that snakes do not? (2)

A

external ear openings

well developed limbs

25
Q

What is responsible for no limbs in snakes?

A

snake enhancer

26
Q

compare how snakes and lizards eat their prey

A

snakes: they kill by suffocation (constriction) or venom
lizards: bite and swallow prey (no not chew). a few are poisonous

27
Q

Like lizards, crocs do not ____

A

chew

they swallow prey whole or spin it to rip off chunks

28
Q

Male crocs have a single ____ ____ (like turtles)

A

intromittent organ

29
Q

explain how crocs care for their young

A

maternal care:

  • lay eggs in nest
  • guard nest
  • carry young in mouth, communicate with sound
30
Q

Which of the 6 challenges of terrestrial life have reptiles solved?

A
  • gravity
  • desiccation: keratinized scales keep moisture in
  • respiration: lungs are ventilated with rib muscles and a 4-chambered heart
  • locomotion
  • They have NOT solved temp regulation (they’re ectotherms)
31
Q

birds likely evolved from _______

A

theropods (small, fast dinos)

32
Q

are birds the first with feathers?

A

no, fossils suggest some dinos had feathers. Not used for flying, but display for mates

33
Q

Archaeopteryx shared a common ancestor with ___

A

modern birds

34
Q

What did Archaeopteryx have that modern birds do not? (3)

A
  • teeth
  • bony tail
  • claws
35
Q

Considering theropods and birds, scales are ___(homo/analogous) with feathers

A

homologous

36
Q

similarities between theropods and birds (6)

A
  • many theropods had feathers
  • hollow, thin-walled bones
  • similar respiratory systems
  • brain/ heart/ other organs similar
  • build nests
  • incubate eggs
37
Q

Class Aves is ___

A

birds

38
Q

Birds are ___(ecto/endothermic)

describe

A

endothermic

  • they use metabolic energy to maintain body temp
  • high rate of metabolism
  • feather & layer of fat help retain body heat
39
Q

disadvantage of ectotherms?

A

in a cold environment they may not be able to digest food; b/c they can’t use metabolic energy to maintain body temp! They rely on the environment

40
Q

What are the 6 derived characters of birds?

What do all of these adaptations do?

A
  1. feathers
  2. hollow bones
  3. reduced # of forelimb digits
  4. horny beaks that lack teeth
  5. gizzard
  6. reduced organs (poop and pee @ same time)

reduce body weight! (enhances flight)

41
Q

what is a gizzard?

A

muscular part of stomach that grins hard food; an organ only found in birds

42
Q

How do birds reproduce?

A

Internal fertilization (copulation) but most do not have intromittent organ (except ostriches, waterfowl)

43
Q

What is the Cloaca?

A

a common opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive tract

  • in birds, reptiles, amphibians
  • male and female birds press cloacas together to transfer sperm
44
Q

young birds are cared for by mother or both parents.
Define:
1. precocial:
2. altricial:

A
  1. young may be able to feed themselves

2. born helpless and featherless

45
Q

flightlessness has evolved _____many times in birds

A

secondarily

46
Q

what challenges of terrestrial life have birds solved?

A 
gravity
desiccation
respiration 
reproduction 
locomotion 
temp regulation 
(ALL OF THEM!)

bio 108 (21 decks)

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