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Bio 108 Fall 2023 > Topic 8 - Orgin of Eukarya/Protists > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Orgin of Eukarya/Protists Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are ecological relationships?

A
  • pairs of species can be grouped on their ecological interactions
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2
Q

what is mutualism (+ +)?

A
  • both species A and B benefit from the other’s presence.

-both species benefit

example: coral and algae

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3
Q

what is competition ( - - )?

A
  • both species A and B suffer from each other’s presence.
  • both species feed on similar prey, they are negatively impacted by the presence of the other because they will have less food
  • example: cheetah and lions
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4
Q

what is predation (- +)?

A
  • when species A easts species B

example:
wolves hunting moose
owls hunting mouse

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5
Q

what is parasitism (- +)?

A
  • species A steals nutrition or other resources from species B
  • one in which one organism, the parasite, lives off of another organism, the host, harming it and possibly causing death.
  • example: humans and mosquitoes.
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6
Q

what is commensalism (0 +)?

A
  • Speices A lives on or with Species B, but neither harms nor benefits species B.
  • example
    bird making a nest in a tree
    whales and barnacles.
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7
Q

what is amensalism (- 0)?

A
  • Species A harms species B. Species B does nothing for species A

-only one organism is hurt.

  • example:
    cattle trample on grass
    penicillin kills bacteria
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8
Q

what does + mean?

A
  • beneficial
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9
Q

what does - mean?

A
  • negative
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10
Q

what does 0 mean?

A
  • neutral
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11
Q

what is a symbiotic relationship?

A
  • when members of two species live in close, often obligatory, contact with each other.
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12
Q

what does syn mean?

A

together

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13
Q

what does bio mean?

A

life

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14
Q

what relationships does symbiosis involve?

A
  • mutualism, commensalism or parasitism.
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15
Q

what is called the host?

A
  • if one species is much larger than the other.
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16
Q

what is a species called that is smaller than the other?

A
  • symbiont
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17
Q

what is a endosymbiotant?

A
  • if the prokaryote is inside the host organism
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18
Q

what does endo mean?

A
  • within
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19
Q

when did eukaryotes arise?

A
  • The first eukaryotic cell arose more than a billion years after prokaryotes appeared.
  • The oldest fossil eukaryote is 1.8 billion years
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20
Q

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic

A
  • eukaryotes have DNA in linear chromosomes in membrane-bound nuclei.
  • eukaryotes have other membrane-bound organelles such as
    mitochondria and plastids (e.g. chloroplasts)
  • eukaryotes are often much larger than prokyotes.
  • eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton that allows them to change change shape, for example being able to engulf particles
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21
Q

what is the orgin?

A
  • originally hypothesized that
    eukaryotic cells arose
    gradually from a prokaryotic
    ancestor
    a. ancestral pre-eukaryotic cell very likely to have been a
    member of the Archaea
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22
Q

how did the ancestral host cell develop some structures?

A
  • gradually by
    infoldings of cell membrane
    – endoplasmic reticulum
    – nuclear envelope
  • endosymbiosis also played an important role.
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23
Q

what did the ancestral nucleated host cell take on?

A
  • endosymbiotic aerobic
    heterotrophic prokaryote, which was probably a proteobacterium* that
    used oxygen and organic matter to
    make energy
  • this eventually led to the formation of mitochondria.
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24
Q

what did members of other lineages engulf?

A
  • photosynthetic prokaryotes.
  • they were most likely cyanobacteria that used
    light and CO2 to make organic
    compounds
  • then they became photosynthetic protists and plants.
    a. the endosymbionts became plastids
    (e.g., chloroplasts)
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25
Q

what is serial endosymbiosis?

A
  • first mitochondria
    and then plastids were
    endosymbiotically acquired by the
    ancestors of photosynthetic
    eukaryotes
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26
Q

What’s the evidence for endosymbiosis in
evolution of eukaryotes?

A
  1. mitochondria and chloroplasts have their
    own DNA, which they replicate independently
    of nuclear DNA
  2. this DNA is circular, as is prokaryotic DNA
  3. plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) have 2 or more
    cell membrane layers
    • 2 membranes if engulfed a free cyanobacteria
      *2 or more if engulfed other eukaryote.
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27
Q

what is primary endosymbiosis?

A
  • refers to a free-living
    prokaryote being taken on by a eukaryotic cell
  • The eukaryote is englfed a prokaryote, which led to the creation of mitochondria.
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28
Q

what is secondary endosymbiosis?

A
  • refers to the taking on of a
    photosynthetic (plastid-containing) eukaryotic cell by
    a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell
  • the resulted organelles will be very complex and will be surrounded by serval additional cell memebranes.
  • occurs when a eukaryotic cell engulfs a cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis.
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29
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary endosymbiosis?

A
  • Primary endosymbiosis occurs when a eukaryotic cell engulfs and absorbs a prokaryotic cell, such as a smaller cell that undergoes photosynthesis (eg. cyanobacteria).
  • Secondary endosymbiosis occurs when a eukaryotic cell engulfs and absorbs another eukaryotic cell. it produces green and brown algae.
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30
Q

what is horizontal gene transfer
through endosymbiosis?

A
  • occurs through genome fusion between different species when two symbiotic organisms become endosymbiotic.
  • This occurs when one species is taken inside the cytoplasm of another species, which ultimately results in a genome consisting of genes from both the endosymbiont and the host.
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31
Q

what is metabolic diversification?

A
  • it sets the stage for a second wave of diversity.

-the different metabolic strategies that organisms have evolved to obtain energy.

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31
Q

what is the second wave catalyzed by?

A
  • structural diversity of eukaryotic cells.
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32
Q

what is structural diversity?

A
  • the range of different physical landscapes within a habitat; the more diversity, the more opportunities for different organisms to thrive.
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33
Q

what was the third wave of diversification?

A
  • the origin of multicellular bodies in several eukaryotic cells evolved new ways of reproduction.
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34
Q

what are multicellular bodies?

A
  • composed of more than one cell, with groups of cells differentiating to take on specialized functions.
35
Q

what is Mitosis?

A
  • in mitosis,
    one diploid
    cell divides
    once to form
    two diploid
    (2n) cells
  • so there is an original cell with 2n=4
  • then chromosomes replicate.
    then one diploid cell divides into two diploid cells. (2x (2n=4)
36
Q

What is meiosis?

A
  • in meiosis,
    one diploid
    cell divides
    twice to form
    four haploid
    (1n) cells
    (reduction
    division)
  • so there is an original cell with 2n=4
  • then chromosomes replicate.
    then one diploid cell divides into two diploid cells. (2x (2n=4)
  • then the two diploid cells divide again to form 4 gamete cells which are halpoid (1n)
37
Q

what is syngamy?

A

occurs when two haploid (1n) gametes fuse

38
Q

what does syn mean

A

together

39
Q

what does gam mean?

A

gamete

40
Q

what does syngamy form?

A
  • forms diploid (2n) zygote (fertilized egg)
    – zygo = twinned/joined
41
Q

In multicellular eukaryotes, which cellular division doe sit use to form a multicellular embryo?

A
  • uses mitotic cell divison
42
Q

What does the further growth of the embryo lead to?

A
  • it leads to morphological different level stages.

**only some taxa have larvae

43
Q

what does larvae lead to?

A
  • it leads to a reproductively mature adult
44
Q

when does sexual reproduction occur?

A
  • occurs when two parents
    produce offspring with novel combinations of genes
    from both parents
45
Q

what are examples that ARE NOT sex?

A
  • binary fission and duplication via mitosis
46
Q

what does sex require?

A
  • meiosis* (meiosis* and subsequent fusion of
    haploid nuclei from different parents) and subsequent fusion of
    haploid nuclei from different parents
47
Q

what is the most common for a non-monophyletic group?

A
  • protists
  • they are mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not
    plants, fungi or animals
  • animals, fungi and plants area each closely related to a different
    protist group
  • the old
    Kingdom Protista
    was paraphyletic (as there are many different clades of protists)
48
Q

Can protsist species bephotoautotrophic,
heterotrophic and
mixotrophic?

A

yes

49
Q

what is a mixotrophic?

A
  • are both photoautotrophic and
    heterotrophic
50
Q

what do single-celled protists have to exist as?

A
  • have to exist as
    complete organisms unto
    themselves

– internal cellular structure much
more complex than for cells from
multicellular organisms

51
Q

what are selected groups?

A

groups of protists?

52
Q

Do some protists lack mitochindria?

A

yes

53
Q

what are diplomonads?

A
  • originally thought to be
    ancient eukaryotic lineages that evolved before the acquisition of
    endosymbiotic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria
54
Q

Are there still mitochindairal genes present in diplomonads?

A
  • yes
  • in some species in these groups, very
    tiny nonfunctional mitochondrial remnants
    (mitosomes) are present in the cell
  • suggests that these protists ancestrally had
    regular mitochondria but lost them during
    subsequent evolution– these taxa are all found in anaerobic (oxygenfree) habitats, including guts of animals
    – mitochondria are aerobic, and hence they
    would not function in these habitats
55
Q

Define the structure of a diplomonad?

A
  • they have multiple flagella and two seperate nuclei.

-diplo= double, two folded.

  • has obvious mitosomes (double-membrane bound organelles found in some unicellular eukaryotes,)
56
Q

what is the genus of diplomonad?

A
  • Giardia which infects the human intestine and causes dramatic diarrhea
57
Q

Can non-human mammals be infected by Giardia?

A

yes,

  • it causes beaver fever
    is a parasitic infection of the digestive system. Symptoms include severe abdominal discomfort and diarrhea, but some people have no symptoms
58
Q

what are apicomplexans?

A
  • they are parasites of animals
59
Q

what is the structure of Apicomplexans?

A
  • complex of organelles for
    penetrating host tissues at apex of cell
  • organelles have 4 membranes and
    cyanobacterial DNA; this is strong
    evidence of secondary
    endosymbiosis
60
Q

How many host species do apicomplexans require?

A
  • require 2 or more
    host species to complete their life cycles
61
Q

what is plasmodium?

A
  • parasites that
    causes malaria, need both
    mosquitoes and vertebrates as hosts
    (humans are hosts for four
    Plasmodium spp.)
  • Plasmodium spends part of its life
    in blood-feeding flies and part in
    vertebrates
62
Q

what are ciliates?

A

-they have many cilia which names them ciliates

63
Q

what does a cilia do?

A
  • used for locomotion and for capturing food
  • many used cilia as their legs to be active and move
64
Q

what do many free-living species feed on bacteria
and smaller protists by?

A

phagocytosis (cellular eating)

phag = eat and cyto=cell

65
Q

how to ciliates reproduce?

A
  • reproduce asexually by
    binary fission, but sometimes engage in a
    form of sexual reproduction called
    conjugation
66
Q

what is conjugation?

A
  • transfer of plasmids from one ciliate to another
67
Q

what is a paramecium?

A
  • swims in fresh water by beating its thousands of cilia, and feeds on smaller microorganisms such as bacteria and algae
68
Q

what is an amoebas?

A
  • it is a common name for referring to linages of protists that move by extending blunt lobes called pseudopodia.
69
Q

what is a pseudopodia?

A
  • temporary projections of the cytoplasm of the cell.
  • they help in feeding the amoeba.
70
Q

what process do amoebas use to eat food?

A
  • they use phagocytosis to eat food and engulf particles.
71
Q

what does pseudo mean?

A
  • false
72
Q

what dos pod mean?

A

foot

73
Q

what does cyto mean?

A

cell

74
Q

what is an Amorbozoans?

A
  • it is a clade of amoebas, and maybe is related to fungi and Animalia
75
Q

what are the three different groups of Amoebozoans?

A
  1. solitary amoebas
  2. plasmodial slime molds
  3. cellular slime molds.
76
Q

what is a solitary amoeba?

A
  • are amorphous single-celled protists with lobe-shaped pseudopodia
  • mainly predators of bacteria and smaller
    protists
77
Q

what is a plasmodial slime molds?

A
  • start out with a single
    nucleus but then undergo repeated mitosis without cell
    division
  • they become a single giant supercell with free-flowing cytoplasm and nuclei that hunts bacteria on the forest floor.
78
Q

what is cellular slime molds?

A
  • they start as a single-cell body
  • when food is limited the adjacent cells get together but maintain separate cell membranes.
  • the slug will migrate to. high spot and many cells form a stalk.
  • many cells climb up the stalk and develop a
    hard coat that allows them to withstand drying
  • they disperse in the wind and somewhere wet on land.
79
Q

what are cellular slime molds studied by?

A
  • by those interested in how cooperation
    and self-sacrifice can evolve
80
Q

what is algae?

A
  • photoautotrophic eukaryotes that are not
    members of the Kingdom Plantae
  • they are NOT monophyletic
  • many are single celled and others are multicellular and large.
81
Q

what is brown algae?

A
  • it is multicellular and large
82
Q

what is green algae?

A
  • has bright green pigments visible in chloroplasts.
  • chloro= green
  • more than 7000 species live in freshwater.
  • other stay in damp soil, snow or within other eukaryotes.
  • they range in size from single-celled to multicellular. which can be qualified as a. seaweed
83
Q

what are the two groups that green algae is divided in?

A
  1. chlorophytes
  2. Charophytes (multicellular and morphologically complex)
    a. thought to sister taxa to plants
84
Q

what are sedimentary rocks?

A
  • formed from ‘skeletons’ of
    marine protists
85
Q

how much is carbon fixation and oxygen production apart of photosyntheisis in algae?

A

-30% of annual photosynthesis is done by algae

86
Q

what do prostsits cause?

A
  • diseases of plants, wildlife, livestock and
    humans (malaria)
  • accidental consumption of protists in food can
    cause sickness (shellfish poisoning)

-some macroalgae deliberately eaten by humans, like seaweed in sushi.

Bio 108 Fall 2023 (7 decks)

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