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Bio 108 Fall 2023 > Topic 12 - Angisperms > Flashcards

Topic 12 - Angisperms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is anthophyta?

A
  • the flowering plants
  • anthos = flower
    -phyta = plants
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1
Q

How many phyla do angiosperms have?

A
  • just one
  • called anthophyta
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2
Q

what is a flower?

A
  • a specialized shoot with
    up to 4 whorls of modified leaves
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3
Q

Structure of a flower bottom to up:

A

Bottom
- sepals (non-reproductive)

  • petals (non-reproductive)

-stamen is made up of a filament and an anther it is the male part (microsporophylls)

  • carpels are made up of an ovary, style and stigma, it is the female part (megasporophylls)
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4
Q

what makes a pollen?

A
  • anthers
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5
Q

how many ovules does the ovary at the base of carpel contain?

A
  • 1 or more ovules
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6
Q

What is a perfect flower?

A
  • contains both stamens & carpels, and
    therefore is complete (= perfect), in
    Linnaeus’ opinion
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7
Q

what is an imperfect flower?

A
  • contains either stamens or carpels

– hence an imperfect flower is either a male
(has only stamens) or a female (has only
carpels)

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8
Q

what can be species be with imperfect flowers?

A
  • monoecious
  • mono = one
  • oikos = house
  • monoecious species have male and female
    flowers on same individual plant
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9
Q

what can species also be with imperfect flowers?

A
  • dioecious
    – male and female flowers on
    different individual plants (di = two)
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10
Q

what are angiosperms more reliant on?

A
  • animal pollinators
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11
Q

what is the role of flowers to the angiosperms?

A
  • flowers are often modified to attract them and dispense pollen
  • flowers provide food rewards for animals that visit them and that
    remove or deposit pollen

-the rewards are sugary fluids (nectar) or pollen itself

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12
Q

What are fruits?

A
  • they are unique to angiosperms.

– mature ovary containing seeds

– the ‘container’ part of angiosperm (angio =vessel, container

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13
Q

what does carpos mean?

A
  • fruit
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14
Q

In angiosperms, the megagametophyte is called?

A
  • embryo sac which contains only 7 cells
  • one of these cells have 2 nuclei which is called polar nuclei
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15
Q

what is double fertilization?

A
  • one sperm nucleus fuses with egg nucleus –> 2n zygote
    – other sperm nucleus fuses with the 2
    megagametophyte nuclei called polar nuclei
    – becomes triploid endosperm
16
Q

what is unique in an angiosperms?

A

endopserm, take nutrients from
parent gametophyte

17
Q

what does the endosperm repeatedly undergo?

A
  • mitosis to
    produce starchy food source for
    embryo
18
Q

what is a cotyledon?

A
  • embryonic seed leaves
  • it is inside the cell.
  • you can have one or two
19
Q

what are common names for the subdivision of Anthophyta
into groups called Monocotyla
and Dicotyla?

A
  • monocots
    and dicots
20
Q

Steps of the Angiosperm life cycle?

A
  1. In the megaspornagium of each ovule, the megasporocyte divides by meiosis, producing four megaspores. One will survive and gives rise to a female gametophyte.
  2. on the anther each microsporangium contains microsporocytes that divide by meiosis, producing microspores.
  3. The microspore develops into a pollen grain. Th generative cell of the gametophyte will divide, forming two sperms. The tube cell will produce the pollen tube.
  4. after pollination, two sperms are discharged in the ovule.
  5. double fertilization occurs. one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote. The other sperm fertilizes the central cell, forming the endosperm.
  6. The zygote develops into an embryo and is packaged along with food in a seed. (embryo(2n), endosperm (3n), seed coat(2n)
  7. when a seed germinates the embryo develops into a mature sporophyte.
21
Q

what is the first undeniable fossil of angiosperm?

A

†Archaefructis sinensis

22
Q

when did rapid diversification of angiosperms occur?

A
  • rapid diversification of angiosperms and
    decline of many gymnosperm groups
    occurred in Cretaceous and early Tertiary
23
Q

what did Darwin view the appearance and dominance of flowering plants as?

A
  • Darwin viewed the seemingly sudden
    appearance and rise to dominance of
    flowering plants in the fossil record as an
    “abominable mystery”
24
Q

Gymnosperms are not always wind pollinated, they an also be pollinated by?

A
  • insects, or by both insects and wind
25
Q

In some cycads where do the larvae develop?

A
  • larvae of weevils develop in male cones where they feed on nonpollen tissues
26
Q

what are adult weevils attracted to?

A
  • sugary fluid produced by female
    cones
27
Q

what does a fertilized zygote nourish by?

A

pre-existing gametophyte cells

28
Q

What do gentophytes undergo?

A
  • something similar to
    double fertilization
  • each of the two sperm in the pollen
    grain gets to fertilize an egg
    – but only one egg becomes zygote,
    other one aborts
    – as in other gymnosperms, zygote
    nourished by pre-existing tissues of
    female gametophyte (no endosperm
29
Q

why is the angiosperm-style fertilization is more efficient than
gymnosperm-style?

A

-Beacuse:

  1. the food store for seed (endosperm) develops only
    after fertilization

– hence no food resources are wasted if an egg is unfertilized

  1. and the female gametophyte (embryo sac) is reduced
    in size and hence inexpensive and quick to produce

– production of the small female gametophyte takes only a
few days rather than months

30
Q

what is most ancient living angiosperm?

A

Amborella trichopoda, which is both wind-pollinated and insect pollinated.

31
Q

what are monocots upheld as?

A

monophyletic

32
Q

what is one subset of of dicotyledonous
plants is monophyletic called?

A

eudicots, eu = true

33
Q

What are the major morphological differences between monocots and eudicots?

A

Monocots:
- 1 cotyledons
-veins are parallel
- fibrous roots
- flowers parts in 3’s

Eudicots:
- 2 cotyledons
-veins are netlike
-taproot
-flower parts in 4’s and 5’s

34
Q

Importance to Humans?

A
  • we depend on angiosperms for most of our food

– 80% of calories consumed in world from 6 species: wheat, rice,
corn, potatoes, cassava, sweet potatoes

  • some crops are grown for oil (corn)
  • others for spices & flavourings (cinnamon)
  • others as a source of extractable sugar (sugar cane)
  • major source of drugs
35
Q

Plant-Breeding to make more productive crop plants?

A
  • compare size and number of kernels of teosinte
    cob with domestic corn (maize)
36
Q

Biotechnology is importnat because?

A
  • transgenic golden rice contains genes from
    daffodils that make beta-carotene (Vitamin A)
  • it increases the nutritive value of rice since beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A, which is essential for good vision.

Bio 108 Fall 2023 (7 decks)

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