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Chemistry > Topic 8 - Fuels And Earth Science > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Fuels And Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compound that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons
Contains molecules with rings or chains of carbon atoms
An important source of useful substances like fuels and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry
A finite resource

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3
Q

Where can crude oil be found?

A

Under the sea and ground

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4
Q

What does it mean when crude oil is described as finite?

A

It will run out

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5
Q

How can crumped oil be separated?

A

Fractional distillation

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6
Q

How does the process of fractional distillation work to separate crude oil?

A

Crude oil is vaporised before it enters a fractionating column
The fractionating column is hotter at the bottom than at the top. The vapours rise up and condense at different fractions depending on their boiling points
Hydrocarbons with low boiling points will be tapped off the top of the column and hydrocarbons with high boiling points will be tapped off the bottom of the column

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7
Q

Why is crude oil separated?

A

Unseparated crude oil isn’t very useful but the separated products are very useful

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8
Q

Refinery gas is a fraction of crude oil. What are its common uses?

A

Heating and cooking

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9
Q

What fraction of crude oil is used as fuel in cars?

A

Petrol (gasoline)

Diesel is also less commonly used

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10
Q

Kerosene is a fraction of crude oil. What is common use of kerosene?

A

Aircraft fuel

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11
Q

Diesel oil is a fraction crude oil. What is it commonly used for?

A

Fuel for some cars and trains

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12
Q

Which fraction of crude oil is used for road surfacing and roofs?

A

Bitumen

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13
Q

Fuel oil is a fraction of crude oil. What is it commonly used for?

A

Fuel for large ships and in some power stations

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14
Q

How do the hydrocarbons at each faction differ?

A

Boiling points
Ease of ignition
Viscosity
The number of hydrogen and carbon atoms their molecules have

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15
Q

Where is the fractionating column do hydrocarbons with the highest viscosity condense?

A

They car collected at the bottom of the fractionating column

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16
Q

What are the properties of hydrocarbons that are tapped from the top of the fraction in column, like petrol and refinery gas?

A

Low boiling point
High volatile
Easily ignited
Shorter carbon chains

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17
Q

What is a homologous series?

A 
Series of compounds which:
Have the same general formula
Have similar chemical properties
Differ by CH2 in molecular formula form neighbouring molecules
Slight variation in physical properties
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18
Q

Products from crude oil mostly belong to which homologous series?

A

Askance series

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19
Q

What are the only products when a hydrocarbon fuel undergoes complete combustion?

A

Water and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Is energy given out when a fuel undergoes complete combustion?

A

Yes, it is exothermic

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21
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur? What is required to ensure complete combustion occurs?

A

Incomplete combustion occurs when there is an insufficient supply of oxygen
To ensure complete combustion occurs, the reaction should be carried out with excess oxygen

22
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon particles - soot
Carbon monoxide
Water

23
Q

What are the problems with carbon monoxide?

A

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas.

It is colourless and odourless and if breathed in can cause death

24
Q

What are the problems with incomplete combustion?

A

Produces carbon monoxide with is toxic and can be fatal if breathed in
Produces carbon particulates which cause global dimming and respiratory problems

25
Q

Why is sulphur dioxide sometimes produced when burning hydrocarbon fuels?

A

Some hydrocarbon fuels contain sulphur impurities . When the fuel is burned, the sulphur reacts with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide

26
Q

How is acid rain produced?

A

Sulphur dioxide evaporated into the air, it reacts with water in the clouds to form sulphuric acid. This is acid rain.

27
Q

What problems can acid rain cause?

A

Corrodes buildings and statues made of limestone
Kills/damages vegetation
Lowers pH of large bodies of water, killing wildlife

28
Q

How are oxides of nitrogen produced from car engines?

A

The high temperature and pressure of a car engine causes nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react together

29
Q

What problems are associated with oxides of nitrogen?

A

Pollutants
Produce acid rain with similar effects as SO2
Cause respiratory problems

30
Q

What are the advantages of using hydrogen as fuel in cars?

A

It releases more energy per Kg compared to most other fuels
Water is the only product so no pollutants
Renewable source as hydrogen can be extracted from water

31
Q

What are the disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel in cars?

A

It is expensive to produce and a lot of energy is required for the electrolysis of water to acquire the hydrogen
Difficult and dangerous to store hydrogen because it is very volatile and easily ignites

32
Q

Name the non-renewable fossil fuel found in natural gas

A

Methane

33
Q

Are petrol, kerosene and diesel renewable fuels?

A

No, they are non renewable

34
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down large hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones
Saturated alkanes are cracked into shorter chain alkanes and short chain unsaturated alkanes

35
Q

What do the terms saturated and unsaturated mean?

A

Saturated - only contains single bonds

Unsaturated - contains some c-c double bonds

36
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

37
Q

Why is cracking necessary?

A

The demand for shorter chain alkenes and alkanes is much greater than the demand for long chain alkanes

38
Q

What produced the gases that formed earth’s early atmosphere?

A

Volcanic activity

39
Q

Described how earth!s early atmosphere formed

A

Initially the Earth’s surface was molten with no atmosphere
Cooling caused land masses to solidify
Volcanoes formed on the land masses and released gases which formed the early atmosphere

40
Q

What was the Earth’s early atmosphere thought to contain?

A

Little or no oxygen
Large amounts of carbon dioxide
Water vapour
Small amounts of other gases

41
Q

How did oceans initially form?

A

Condensation of water vapour

42
Q

How did the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decrease after oceans formed?

A

Carbon dioxide dissolved into the oceans so the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreased

43
Q

How did the amount of oxygen in the early Earth’s atmosphere increase?

A

The growth of early plants used carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and released oxygen. This increased the amount of oxygen and decreased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

44
Q

What is the chemical test for oxygen?

A

Insert a glowing splint into a test tube of gas. If oxygen is present, the splint will ignite

45
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

Various gases in the atmosphere that absorb the heat radiated from earth

46
Q

What is the greenhouse effects?

A

Electromagnetic radiation from the sun passes through the Earth’s atmosphere
The earth absorbs some radiation and warms up
Heat is radiated from the earth as infrared radiation
Some of the infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which warms the atmosphere

47
Q

How has human activity increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration?

A

Burning fossil fuels for energy releases carbon dioxide

Deforestation reduces the amount of photosynthesis occurring so less carbon dioxide is converted to oxygen

48
Q

Evaluate the evidence that human activity is causing climate change

A

There is a correlation between carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, fossil fuel consumption and temperature change
Correlation doesn’t mean causation
There may be uncertainties in the date

49
Q

What is the current composition of Earth’s atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Argon - 0.93 %
Carbon - 0.04%

50
Q

What are the effects of global warming?

A 
Melting of polar ice caps
Difficulties acquiring drinking water
Flooding
Forest fires
Destruction of ecosystems
51
Q

How has human activity increased the amount of methane in the atmosphere?

A

Raising livestock such as cows

Decay of organic waste in landfill sites

52
Q

How can the effects of global warming be mitigated?

A

Construct flood defences in areas of low lying land
Use of irrigation systems to provide water in drought
Produce alternative crops which are better adapted to the new environment

Chemistry (8 decks)

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