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GCSE - Chemistry > Topic 8 Fuels And Earth Science > Flashcards

Topic 8 Fuels And Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Complex mixture of hydrocardbons

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3
Q

Is crude oil finite or infinite?

A

Finite resource

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4
Q

What is crude oil an important source for?

A

Useful substances like fuels and feedstocks for petrochemical industry

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5
Q

How are the carbon atoms arranged in crude oil?

A

In rings or chains

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6
Q

Where can crude oil be found?

A

Under sea and ground

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7
Q

What does ‘finite’ mean?

A

Will run out

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8
Q

How can crude oil be separated?

A

Fractional distillation

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9
Q

How does fractional distillation separate crude oil?

A

Oil vapourised then enters fractioning column (hotter at bottom)
Vapours rise and condense at different fractions (boiling pts)
Low boiling pt = tapped off at top of column

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10
Q

Why is crude oil separated?

A

Unseparated crude oil isnt v useful but separated products (eg petrol) are more useful

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11
Q

Refinery gas is a fraction of crude oil. What are its common uses?

A

Heating and cooking

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12
Q

Which fraction of crude oil is used as fuel in cars?

A

Petrol (gasoline)

Diesel

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13
Q

Kerosene is a fraction of crude oil. What is a common use of kerosene?

A

Aircraft fuel

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14
Q

Diesel oil is a fraction of cruse oil. What is it commonly used for?

A

Fuel for cars and trains

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15
Q

Which fraction of crude oil is used for road surfacing and roofs?

A

Bitumen

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16
Q

Fuel oil is a fraction of crude oil. What is it commonly used for?

A

Fuel for large ships and in some power stations

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17
Q

How do the hydrocarbons at each fraction differ?

A

Boiling pts
Ease of ignition
Viscosity
No of hydrogen and carbon atoms in molecules

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18
Q

Where in the fractioning column do hydrocarbons with the highest viscosity condense?

A

Bottom of column

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19
Q

What does viscosity mean?

A

How thick and sticky a substance is

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20
Q

Name some properties of hydorcarbons that are tapped from the top of the fractioning column, like petrol and refinery gas?

A

Low boiling pt
Highly volatile
Easily ignited
Shorter carbon chains

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21
Q

What is a homologous series?

A 
Series of compounds which:
Have same general formula
Have similar chemical properties
Differ by CH ₂ in molecular formula from neighboring molecules
Slight variation in physical properties
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22
Q

Products from crude oil mostly belong to which homologous series?

A

Alkanes

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23
Q

What are the only products when a hydrocarbon fuel undergoes complete combustion?

A

Water and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

True or false?

Energy is given out when a fuel undergoes complete combustion

A

TRUE

the reaction is exothermic

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25
Q

What element does a compoumd react with during combustion?

A

Oxygen

26
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

When there is an insufficient supply of oxygen

27
Q

Whats required to ensure complete combustion occurs?

A

Reaction should be carried out with excess oxygen

28
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon particles - soot (C)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Water

29
Q

What are the problems with carbon monoxide?

A

Toxic gas
Is colourless and odourless - if breathed can cause death
Prevents red blood cells carrying oxygen round body

30
Q

What are the problems with incomplete combustion?

A

Produces carbon monoxide which is toxic and can be fatal if breathed
Produces carbon particles which cause global dimming and respiratory problmes

31
Q

Why is sulfur dioxide sometimes produced when burning hydrocarbon fuels?

A

Some hydrocarbon fuels contain sulfur impurities

When fuel is burned sulfur reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide

32
Q

How is acid rain produced?

A

Sulfur dioxide evaporates (from combusting impure hydrocarbon fuels) into air
Reacts with water in clouds to form sulfuric acid

33
Q

What problems can acid rain cause

A

Corrodes buildings and statues made of limestone
Kills/damages vegetation
Lowers pH of bodies of water, killing wildlife

34
Q

How are oxides of nitrogen produced from car engines?

A

High temp and pressure of engine causes nitrogen and oxygen to react (from air)

35
Q

What problems are associated with oxides of nitrogen?

A

Pollutants
Produce acid rain with similar effects as sulfur dioxide
Cause respiratory problems

36
Q

Advantages of using hydrogen as fuel for cars?

A

Releases more enegry per kg than other fuels
Water is only product so no pollutants
Renewable source - can be extracted from water

37
Q

Disadvantages of using hydrogen as fuel for cars?

A

Expensive to produce
Lots of energy required for electrolysis of water to get hydrogen
Difficult and dangerous to store - volitile and easy to ignite

38
Q

Name the non renewable fossil fuel found in natural gas

A

Methane

39
Q

Are petrol, kerosene and diesel renewable fuels?

A

No - non renewable

40
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down large hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones

41
Q

What are saturated alkanes cracked into?

A

Shorter chain alkanes and short chain unsaturated alkenes

42
Q

What does saturated and unsaturated mean?

A

Saturated - only contains single bonds

Unsaturated - contains some C=C double bonds

43
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

44
Q

Why is cracking necessary?

A

Demand for shorter chain alkenes and alkanes is much greater than demand for long chain alkanes

45
Q

What produced the gases that formed Earth’s early atmosphere?

A

Volcanic activity

46
Q

Describe how Earths early atmosphere formed

A

Surface was molten w no atmosphere
Cooling caused land masses to solidify
Volvanoes formed on land masses and released gases - formes early atmosphere

47
Q

What was Earth’s early atmosphere thought to contain?

A

Little/no oxygen
Lots of carbon dioxide
Water vapour
Small amounts of other gases

48
Q

How did oceans initially form?

A

Condensation of water vapour

49
Q

How did the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decrease after oceans formed?

A

It dissolved into the oceans so the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreased

50
Q

How did the amount of oxygen in the early atmsophere increase?

A

Growth of plants used carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and produced oxygen

51
Q

What is the chemical test for oxygen?

A

Insert glowing splint into test tube of gas

If oxygen present, splint will ignite

52
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

Various gases in atmosphere that absorb the heat radiated from earth

53
Q

Give two examples of greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide

Methane

54
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

Electromagnetic radiation from sun pases through atmosphere
Earth absorbs some and heats up
Heat radiates from Earth as infrared radiation
Some of this is absorbed by greenhouse gases - warms atmosphere

55
Q

How has human activity increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration?

A

Burning fossil fuels for energy releases carbon dioxide

Deforestation reduces the amount of photosynthesis occuring - less carbon dioxide converted to oxygen

56
Q

Evaluate the evidence that human activity is causing climate change

A

+ Is correlation between CO₂ concebtration in atmosphere, fossil fuel consumption and temp change.

  • Correlation doesnt mean causation
  • May be uncertanties in data (eg historical accuracy)
57
Q

Whats the current composition of Earth’s atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Argon - 0.93%
Carbon - 0.04%

58
Q

What are the effects of global warming?

A 
Melting polar ice caps
Difficulties aquiring drinking water
Flooding
Forest fires
Destruction of ecosystems
59
Q

How has human activity increased the amount of methane in the atmosphere?

A

Raising livestock such as cows

Decay of organic waste in landfill sites

60
Q

How can the effects of global warming be mitigated?

A

Construct flood defences in areas of low land
Use irrigation systems to provide water in drought
Produce alternative crops which are better adapted to new environment

GCSE - Chemistry (8 decks)

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