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Chemistry GCSE > Topic 8 - Fuels and Earth and Atmospheric Science > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Fuels and Earth and Atmospheric Science Flashcards

1
Q

How is natural gas and crude oil formed

A

They are natural resources formed from the remains of microscopic animals and plants that once lived in the sea, these remains became covered by layers of sediment and over millions of years the remains gradually turned into natural gas and crude oil

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2
Q

finite resources

A

Resources that are not made anymore or being made extremely slowly which limits the amount available to us

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3
Q

what is crude oil a mixture of

A

Hydrocarbons

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4
Q

hydrocarbon

A

A compound that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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5
Q

What is crude oil used for?

A
  • fuels for vehicles, aircraft, ships, heating and power station
  • Feed store or raw materials for the petrochemical industry
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6
Q

petrochemical

A

Substances made from crude oil such as polythene and other polymers

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7
Q

natural gas

A

Mixture of hydrocarbons in the gas state

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8
Q

What different liquid fuels can be obtained from crude oil?

A

petrol and diesel oil for vehicles and kerosene for aircraft

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9
Q

non-renewable

A

Something is being used up faster than they are being formed

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10
Q

why can’t crude oil no be useful as a fuel - what has to happen?

A

Crude oil is usually not running enough or ignited easily enough so the different hydrocarbons that it contains must be separated into simpler more useful mixtures by using fractional distillation

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11
Q

what names and uses of the main fractions leaving an oil fractioning column in order

A

gases -> domestic heating and cooking
petrol -> fuel for cars
kerosene -> fuel for aircraft
diesel oil -> fuel for some cars and trains
fuel oil -> fuel for large ships and power stations
bitumen -> surfacing roads and roofs

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12
Q

what makes bitumen suitable for surfacing roads and roofs?

A

it is solid at room temperature and waterproof

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13
Q

Describe the change in number of atoms in the molecules, boiling point, use of ignition, viscosity (how the flow) as you go up an oil fractionating column

A
  • The number of atoms in the molecules decreases
  • The boiling point decreases
  • It is easiest to ignite at the top
  • The viscosity is lowest (flows most easily)
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14
Q

alkanes

A

Hydrocarbon that only have single covalent bonds between the atoms and the molecules

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15
Q

homologous series

A

families or groups of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties due to them having the same functional group

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16
Q

general formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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17
Q

general formula meaning

A

The formula for a whole homologous series

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18
Q

what are the products when an alkane reacts with oxygen? (Combustion)

A

carbon dioxide and water

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19
Q

complete combustion of a hydrocarbon is when:

A
  • only carbon dioxide and water are produced
  • energy is given out
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20
Q

describe a laboratory test for water and carbon dioxide (combustion)

A
  • A pump draws combustion products from the Bunsen burner through the apparatus
  • iced water cools and condenses water vapour passing throughthe U-shaped tube
  • white anhydrous copper sulfate in the U-shaped tube turns into blue hydrated copper sulphate showing the presence of water
  • Limewater in the boiling tube turns milky showing the presence of carbon dioxide
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21
Q

what happens during the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A
  • Water is produced
  • Energy is given out (but less than with complete combustion)
  • Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon are produced
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22
Q

When does complete combustion happen?

A

When there is a plentiful supply of air or oxygen

23
Q

When does incomplete combustion happen?

A

When there is a limited supply of air or oxygen

24
Q

Why is carbon monoxide and carbon produced in incomplete combustion?

A

Some are only partially oxidised to carbon monoxide instead of being fully oxidised to carbon dioxide and some carbon atoms are released as smoke and soot

25
Q

What is the problem with carbon monoxide?

A

It is a toxic gas that combines with haemogoblin in red blood cells which prevents oxygen combining so this reduces the amount of oxygen carried in the bloodstream causing effective people to feel sleepy or to become unconscious

26
Q

What was the problem with soot

A

Block the pipes carrying away waste gases from an appliance and it blacken buildings and it can cause breathing problems if it collects in the lungs

27
Q

What is the problem with acid rain?

A
  • Crops do not grow well when the soil is too acidic
  • It can kill fish and insects
  • Increases the rate of weathering of buildings made of limestone or marble and breaks down the structure
  • Increase the rate of corrosion of metal such as the iron in steel, weakening them
28
Q

How to sulphur dioxide make acid rain

A
  • Hydrocarbon fuels may contain self compounds as they occur naturally as impurities
  • When the hydrocarbon fuel is burnt, the sulphur reacts with oxygen to sulphur dioxide gas
  • Sulphur dioxide cells in the water and clouds to form a mixture of acids including sulfurous acid
  • sulfurous acid is oxidised by oxygen in the air to form sulphuric acid
  • This mixture of sulfurous acid and sulphuric acid causes problems when it falls as acid rain
29
Q

How oxides of nitrogen (atmospheric pollutants) are produced in car engines

A

Car engines are internal combustion engines - fuel is mixed with air and igniting inside the engines which causes temperature high enough for nitrogen and oxygen in the air inside the engine to react together

30
Q

why is cracking sometimes used instead of fractional distillation

A

as hen crude oil is separated by fractional distillation, the volume of each fraction usually doesn’t match the volume that can be sold -> cracking matches supply with demand

31
Q

cracking

A

breaking covalent bonds in hydrocarbon molecules

32
Q

what happens in cracking

A

larger hydrocarbon molecules break down into small more useful hydrocarbon molecules

33
Q

difference between alkanes and alkenes

A
  • alkanes are saturated (carbon atoms are joined by single bonds)
  • alkenes are unsaturated (carbon atoms are joined by double bonds)
34
Q

what are the benefits of using hydrogen as a fuel

A

unlike petrol and another hydrocarbon fuels, the combustion of hydrogen produces water vapour but NO carbon dioxide so hydrogen fuel has environmental benefits because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas linked to global warming and climate change

35
Q

difference about state of petrol and hydrogen fuels

A
  • petrol is liquid at room temperature so large amounts can be stored in the car fuel tank and then pumped to the engine
  • hydrogen is a gas at room temperature which makes hydrogen difficult to store in large amounts unless it is compressed and a high pressure and liquefied by cooling
36
Q

what was the earths early atmosphere like

A

thought to have been mainly carbon dioxide with smaller amounts of water vapour and other gases and little or no oxygen

37
Q

how did volcanos help to form the earths early atmosphere

A

the volcanic activity released large amounts of some gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapour and small amounts of other gases

38
Q

what supports the earths early atmosphere of the thought to be mainly carbon dioxide

A
  • Earth, Venus and Mars are rocky plants with volcanos and the atmosphere of Venus and Mars are mainly made of carbon dioxide, thoughts of been released by volcanoes
39
Q

how has the earths oceans been formed

A

The Earth cooled down which caused water vapour in the atmosphere to condense to liquid water which formed the oceans

40
Q

what’s the evidence that oxygen was not present in the earths early atmosphere

A
  • oxygen is not produced by volanoes
  • there was iron pyrite found in very ancient rock -> it is a compound that’s broken down by oxygen and so only forms if there is no oxygen
41
Q

What was the evidence about the oxygen content of the early atmosphere?

A
  • about two .4 billion years ago rocks containing bands of iron oxide started to form -> this oxidisation of iron suggests that oxygen levels increased at this time
  • Scientists think oxygen from these microorganisms that produced oxygen reacted with iron in the early oceans to produce insoluble iron oxides that form layers on the seabed
42
Q

How does the evidence about volcanos show that over hundreds of millions of years, the amount of oxygen increased in carbon dioxide levels decreased

A

the youngest called water in the atmosphere condensed and formed oceans and many scientists think that carbon dioxide then dissolved in the oceans reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere -> sea creatures use the dissolved carbon dioxide for shelves made of calcium carbonate, then allow more dioxide to dissolve in the oceans

43
Q

How does the evidence about stromatolites show that over hundreds of millions of years, the amount of oxygen increased in carbon dioxide levels decreased

A
  • Cyanobacteria was an organism that got photosynthesised
  • they lived in shallow waters. I needed to move above the sediment layer in order to get sunlight
  • Overtime the sediment layers buildup form rock shapes called stromatolites
    -> stromatolites are over 3 billion years old
44
Q

What is a test for oxygen?

A

Pure oxygen will relight a glowing splint

45
Q

greenhouse effect

A
  • energy from the sun is transferred to the earth by waves such as light snd infrared
  • some energy is absorbed by the earths surface warming it up -> the warm earth emits infrared waves -> some gases in the air absorb energy transferred by these infrared waves
  • when the gases re-emit the energy, some of it goes back to the earths surface and warms it
46
Q

greenhouse gases

A

Gases in the atmosphere that absorb energy

47
Q

name some greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour

48
Q

how does fossil fuels provide evidence for climate change?

A
  • Since about 1850, there has been a study increase in the burning of fossil fuels for industry; during this period carbon dioxide levels having increased
    -> combustion releases carbon dioxide and this is a good evidence that increased fossil fuel has increased carbon dioxide levels
49
Q

How is it proved that carbon dioxide increases temperature?

A

carbon dioxide absorbs infrared as as carbon dioxide levels have increased, there has been a reduction in infrared waves from the Earth leaving the atmosphere -> carbon dioxide then remit the energy back to the Earth surface and warms it

50
Q

What is evidence for measuring a concentration of gas in the past?

A

Measure the concentrations of the gas trapped with an ice cores

51
Q

How’s is methane released into the atmosphere

A
  • When oil and natural gas are extracted from the ground and process
  • cattle also produces a lot of methane -> cattle have bacteria in their stomach to digest soft graphs some of the bacteria produced methane
52
Q

Effects of climate change

A
  • Ice at the south pro and glaciers will melt
  • The extra water will raise sea levels -> lead to flooding
  • Some animals may move away from their natural habitats to find cooler areas
  • Some animals and plants may become extinct if they cannot survive at warmer temperatures or find new places to live
  • Some areas will become dry and others will become wetter
  • There will be more extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall, powerful storms and heat waves -> these changes will affect wildlife and the growth of crops that people depend on
  • As more come dark outside is released more of the acidic gas will dissolve in seawater lowering its pH -> this can harm organisms living in the seas and oceans
  • As ocean temperatures rise it causes coral to push out the photosynthesis algae that live in their tissues -> these algae provide the colour of coral and so coral bleaching may occur
53
Q

How can you limit the impact of climate change?

A
  • using renewable energy resources can reduce greenhouse gas emissions
  • ## Some people have suggested global engineering solutions to reflect sunlight back into space or to capture carbon dioxide from the air and bury it underground -> all countries will need to work together to reduce emissions and help pay for large scale and engineering

Chemistry GCSE (9 decks)

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