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Chemistry GCSE > Topic 3 - States Of Matter & Methods Of Separating And Purifying Substances > Flashcards

Topic 3 - States Of Matter & Methods Of Separating And Purifying Substances Flashcards

1
Q

filtration

A

process used to separate a soluble substance from an insoluble substance

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2
Q

crystallisation

A

when solutes are separated from a solution by evaporating the solvents to leave the solutes behind

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3
Q

rf value

A

distance moved by the spot / distance moved by the solvent

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4
Q

distillation

A

to purify a liquid by doing evaporation followed by condensation

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5
Q

what are the 3 states of matter

A

liquid, solid, gas

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6
Q

particle model

A

a diagram that explains state changes in a substance in terms of the arrangement, movement and energy stored in its particles

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7
Q

what is the movement like in a gas

A

fast in all directions

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8
Q

what is the movement like in a liquid

A

move around each other

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9
Q

what is the movement like in a solid

A

vibrate in a fixed position

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10
Q

what’s the arrangement of particles in a gas

A

random and far apart

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11
Q

what’s the arrangement of particles in a liquid

A

random and close together

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12
Q

what’s the arrangement of particles in a solid

A

regular and compact

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13
Q

what is a state change

A

a physical change of matter

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14
Q

what happens to the particles in a state change

A

the particles do not change, only their arrangement, movement and amount of stored energy

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15
Q

how are particles attracted to another

A

by weak forces of attraction

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16
Q

how do you change from a solid to a liquid

A

melting

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17
Q

how do you change from a liquid to a gas

A

evaporation and boiling

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18
Q

how do you change from a gas to a liquid

A

condensing

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19
Q

how do you change from a liquid to a solid

A

freezing

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20
Q

how do you change straight from a gas to a solid without passing the liquid stage

A

deposition

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21
Q

how do you change straight from a solid to a gas without passing the liquid stage

A

sublimation

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22
Q

what needs to happen with energy for these weak forces of attraction to be overcome (solid -> liquid)

A

energy must be transferred from the surroundings to the particles

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23
Q

what needs to happen with energy for these weak forces of attraction to form (liquid -> solid)

A

energy must be transferred from the particles to the surroundings

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24
Q

how can you predict the state of a substance

A

if you know its temperature, melting point and boiling point

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25
what state is the substance of its below the melting point
a solid
26
what is the state of a substance if it’s above melting point but below boiling point
a liquid
27
what state is the substance if it’s above boiling point
a gas
28
pure substance
an element or compound made up of one type of particle
29
tell me about the composition of a pure substance
- cannot be changed - is the same in all parts of the substance - only contains one substance
30
what does a mixture contain
elements and/or compounds that are not chemically joined together (doesn’t have a fixed position)
31
physical property
how a substance responds to forces and energy (something you can see)
32
solute
a substance that has dissolved in a liquid to make a solution
33
solvent
the liquid in which a solute dissolves to make solution
34
what sized crystals will be made of it forms slowly
bigger crystals
35
what sized crystals will be made of it forms quickly
smaller crystals
36
how to filter solution in the laboratory
- a filter funnel is lined with filter paper that has holes in in - the solvent and solutes pass through the fine holes to form the filtrate - bits of insoluable substances cannot fit through the holes and so leave a residue
37
how to crystallise a filtrate
- a Bunsen burner is placed under boiling water - the filtrate is placed on top of the boiling water - this evaporates the filtrate carefully - leaves behind crystals which can be scraped from the container
38
what’s a hazard in crystallisation and how do we reduce it?
the hazard is crystals spitting out - reduce this by wearing eye protection, removing the Bunsen burner before the solution is completely dry and/or using steam to heat the evaporating basin gently
39
paper chromatography
simply technique that finds out which compounds the mixture contains - a solvent moved along a strip of paper and it carries substances in the mixture at different speeds so they are separated
40
why do you need a condenser in a distillation apparatus
contains cold water that keeps the tube cool so that almost all of the vapour condenses and turns into a liquid
41
what is fractional distillation used for
to separate liquids in a mixture -> mixture across a range of boiling points
42
what is simple distillation used for
to separate a solvent from a solution -> liquids with one boiling point
43
in distillation, why is there bung at the top of the flask
so that no gas can escape
44
how does fractional distillation work?
- a fractionating column is fixed above the distillation flask (contains little glass rods) - the hot vapour rises at the column - hap vaporises as the column heats up - thus creates temperature gradient (hotter at bottom, cooler at top) - the fraction with the lowest boiling point (the same as or lower than the temperature) will reach the top of the column and the vapour will pass to the condenser - if the boiling point is higher than the temperature, then it will condense when it hits the cool glass and drips back down into the flask - if you keep heating, fractions with higher boiling points will rise up the column and can be collected later
45
how does simple distillation work
- the solution is heated until it reaches its boiling point and the solute evaporates - the solvent is then condensed, and it turns back into a liquid and its collected as a pure liquid
46
solution
formed when a substance has dissolved in a liquid
47
filtrate
a solution passing through a filter
48
residue
material remaining in the filter after mixture has passed through it
49
sedimentation stage in producing safe water
bigger particles are allowed to settle to the bottom
50
filtration stage in producing safe water
smaller insoluble particles are removed by passing the water through sand and gravel beds
51
chlorination stage in producing safe water
chlorine is added to the water to kill bacteria and other microorganisms
52
what stages are used to produce safe drinking water
1) sedimentation 2) filtration 3) chlorination
53
how do you know when a food colouring has the greatest number of coloured substances
it will have greatest number of spots
54
mobile phase in chromatography
where molecules can move
55
stationary phase in chromatography
where the molecules can’t move
56
from solid to liquid to a gas what’s happening to the energy transfers
Energy is transferred from the surroundings to the particles
57
For a gas to a liquid to a solid what’s happening with the energy transfers?
Energy is being transferred from the particles to the surroundings
58
what state is the substance in if it’s below the melting point?
solid
59
What state is substance in between the melting point and the boiling point?
Liquid
60
What state is the substance in if it’s above boiling point?
Gas
61
What is the chromatogram in paper chromatography?
the pattern of separated spots formed on the paper after a mixture of substances is allowed to move up the paper by a solvent
62
if a substance is pure what does this look like on paper chromatography
there’s only one spot on a chromatogram
63
Why do some spots travel higher than other spots in paper chromatography?
Because more soluble compounds are carried up the paper faster than less soluble ones
64
Why is distilled water more suitable than tapwater for doing a chemical analysis?
- Tapwater contains small amounts of dissolved salts which may react to form unexpected cloudy precipitates which may hide the correct result of the analysis - Also the machines used for an analysis made a test results again leading to an incorrect conclusion
65
what is chemical analysis?
Process of identifying and quantifying the components of a sample to understand its nature and composition

Chemistry GCSE (11 decks)

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