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Biology > Topic 8 - Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are painkillers

A

Are chemicals that relieve the symptoms but to not kill the pathogens

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2
Q

Examples of painkiller

A

Paracetamol
Aspirin

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3
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Substances that slow down or stop the growth of bacteria

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4
Q

What type of disease does antibiotics only work for

A

Bacterial

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5
Q

Example of antibiotic

A

Penicillin

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6
Q

Why is it hard to develop drugs that kill viruses

A

Because it can also damage tissue

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7
Q

Why shouldn’t you prescribe antibiotics to anyone

A

Because the bacteria can develop resistant against the drug

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8
Q

When was penicillin discovered and who by

A

1928 by Alexander Fleming

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9
Q

How did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin

A

He noticed that some bacteria he had left in a Petri dish had been killed by the naturally occurring penicillin mould

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10
Q

Where does aspirin come from

A

Willow trees

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11
Q

Where does digitalis come from

A

This heart drug originates from foxgloves

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12
Q

What happen during preclinical testing

A

Start by testing on computer models, skin cells grown using human stem cells in a laboratory if it is safe then they start testing on animals

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13
Q

What happens during human clinical trials

A

If it is safe after being tested on animals then they test on healthy volunteers they start at a low dosage and if the drug is found to be safe they do further trials for finding best dosage
In double blind trails some patients receive a placebo drug

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14
Q

What is a placebo drug

A

A fake drug that look exactly like the real one to be able to see symptoms

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15
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease they may be viral, bacterial, protist or fungi

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16
Q

What are the 4 pathogens

A

Viral
Bacterial
Fungi
Protists

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17
Q

What disease may reproduce rapidly inside body

A

Viruses and bacterial

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18
Q

What does a bacterial disease do to your body

A

Produce toxins or poisons that damage tissue and make us feel I’ll

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19
Q

What do viruses to do your body

A

Live and reproduce cells causing cell damage

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20
Q

What is an example of a fungal disease

A

Rose black spot

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21
Q

What is rose black spot

A

Purple or black spots develop on leaves which often turn yellow and drop early

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22
Q

What are the affects of rose black spot

A

Affects growth of plant as photosynthesis is reduced

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23
Q

How is rose black spot spread

A

Water or wind

24
Q

How is rose black spot treated

A

By using fungicides or removing and destroying the affected

25
Q

What is an example of a protist disease

A

Malaria

26
Q

What is malaria

A

Is a disease that is passed by blood by mosquitos

27
Q

What are the effects of malaria

A

Cause recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal

28
Q

What is a vector

A

A living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal

29
Q

How is malaria treated

A

Drugs

30
Q

What are the three examples of viral diseases

A

Measles
HIV
tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

31
Q

What are the symptoms and effect of the measles

A

The symptoms are a fever and a red skin rash
Serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise

32
Q

How is the measles spread

A

By inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs

33
Q

How are the measles treated

A

Vaccines to prevent it

34
Q

HIV symptoms and affects

A

Flu like illness
Late stages of it occurs when the bodies immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers

35
Q

How is HIV spread

A

By unprotected sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when using a shred needle

36
Q

How is HIV controlled

A

With antiretroviral drugs otherwise it attacks bodies immune system

37
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus

A

A widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants

38
Q

How to identify tmv

A

Distinctive mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth

39
Q

How to prevent tmv from spreading

A

Removes affected and burn them

40
Q

What are the 2 examples of bacterial disease

A

Salmonella
Gonorrhoea

41
Q

How is salmonella spread

A

Food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested food or food prepared in unhygienic conditions

42
Q

How to prevent salmonella

A

Vaccinations

43
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella

A

Cramps,Vomiting ,diarrhoea as bacteria create toxins they secrete

44
Q

What is gonorrhoea

A

A sexually transmitted disease

45
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Thick yellow or green discharge and pain when urinating

46
Q

What causes gonorrhoea

A

Caused by bacterium

47
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread

A

By sexual contact

48
Q

How is gonorrhoea controlled

A

Antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception

49
Q

What is a vaccination and how does it work

A

It involves introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies
If the same pathogen renters the body the white bloods cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies as they already recognise it preventing infections

50
Q

What is heard immunity

A

If a large population has gotten a vaccine then it is less likely for anyone to get the illness

51
Q

What are the 5 things that help defend the body from diseases and infections

A

Skin
Nose
Trachea and bronchi
Stomach
White blood cells

52
Q

How does the skin help defend the body

A

Covers the body and acts as a barrier
If wounded it immediately begins to heal

53
Q

How does the nose help defend the body

A

Has internal hairs which acts as a physical barrier to infections
Cells in nose produce mucus which traps pathogens before they enter lungs

54
Q

How to the trachea and bronchi help defend the body

A

Have fine hairs that line it called cilia
Move mucus and pathogens upwards towards the throat where it is then swallowed into stomach

55
Q

How does the stomach help defend the body

A

The hydrochloric acid is strong enough to kill any pathogens that have been caught in the mucus

56
Q

How to white blood cells help defend the body

A

Is contains phagocytes, antibodies and antitoxins

Biology (24 decks)

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