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Biology > Topic 5 - Animal Tissues, Organs And Organ Systems > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Animal Tissues, Organs And Organ Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is digestion

A

Breaking down food into other substances that our body can use

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2
Q

What are the stages of digestion

A

Food is digested in the mouth stomach and small intestine
Digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine
Excess water is absorbed back into the body in the large intestine
Any undigested food passes out the anus as faeces

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3
Q

What does the liver produce

A

Bile

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4
Q

What does bile help with

A

Helps with the digestion of lipids

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5
Q

What does the pancreas produce

A

Biological catalysts

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6
Q

What is a biological catalyst

A

An enzyme

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7
Q

What do enzymes do

A

Speed up reactions

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8
Q

What are the adaptations of the villi

A

One cell think so short distance for diffusion and active transport
Has a network of blood capillaries which transports glucose and amino acids away from small intestine in the blood
The lacteals transports fatty acids and glycerol away from the small intestine in the lymph

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9
Q

What is the definition of health

A

Is the state of physical mental and social well being

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10
Q

What is a disease

A

Is a disorder that affects an organisms body, organs, tissues or cells

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11
Q

What factors can effect physical and mental health

A

Diet, stress and life situations

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12
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

Caused by pathogens and can be transferred from one person to another

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13
Q

What are some examples of a communicable disease

A

Measles
Food poisoning
Malaria

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14
Q

What is a non communicable disease

A

Cannot be transferred to another person

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15
Q

What are some examples of non communicable disease

A

Cancer
Diabetes
Heart disease

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16
Q

What happens when a cell becomes cancerous

A

It begins to divide and grow uncontrollably

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17
Q

What a group of cancerous cells called

A

A tumour

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18
Q

What are the two types of tumours

A

Benign and malignant

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19
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

Grows slowly, contained in one area, usually within a membrane, does not in idea other parts of body

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20
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

Grows quickly, invade neighbouring tissues and spreads to different parts of the body in the blood where they form a secondary tumour

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21
Q

Lifestyles factors that increase chance of cancer

A

-Viruses liked with cancer such as HPV, being spread from person to person through sexual intercourse
-the chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke increasing the risk of lung cancer
-alcohol intake
-exposure to ultraviolet radiation
-diet
-genetics

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22
Q

What are the two upper chambers of the heart called

A

Left and right atrium

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23
Q

What are the two lower chambers in the heart called

A

Left and right ventricle

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24
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery pump blood to

A

Lungs where gas exchange takes place

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25
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein pump blood to

A

The rest of the body

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26
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by

A

A group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker

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27
Q

Does an artery have a large or small lumen

A

Small

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28
Q

Why does an artery have thick walls and a small lumen

A

To increase pressure to be able to pump blood around the whole body

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29
Q

Do arteries carry oxygenated blood of deoxygenated blood

A

Oxygenated

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30
Q

Do veins have a large or small lumen

A

Large

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31
Q

Why do they have a large lumen and thin walls

A

Because it does not need high pressure

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32
Q

Do veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

A

Deoxygenated

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33
Q

Do arteries take blood away or to the heart

A

Away

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34
Q

Do veins take blood away or to the heart

A

To

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35
Q

What is a capillary

A

One cells thick
Connects veins and arteries

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36
Q

What is the scientific term for the wind pipe

A

Trachea

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37
Q

What does the trachea break into

A

Bronchi (left and right bronchus)

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38
Q

What to the bronchus break into

A

Bronchioles

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39
Q

What is at the end of bronchioles

A

Alveoli

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40
Q

What causes coronary heart disease

A

In the coronary artery fatty plaques containing cholesterol build up this decreases the supply of blood resulting in lack of oxygen to the heart muscle causing a heart attack

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41
Q

What does the coronary artery supply blood to

A

The heart muscle

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42
Q

What are the 2 possible treatment for coronary heart disease

A

Statins
Stents

43
Q

What is a stent and how does it work

A

Is a hollow tube made from metal alloys it is inserted in by a catheter it stretches open the artery allowing blood to flow through and is a longer term solution

44
Q

What are statins and how does it work

A

It is a drug which lowers the amount of cholesterol in blood

45
Q

What are the symptoms of statins

A

Headaches and memory loss
Increases chance of type 2 diabetes and liver damage

46
Q

What people should not take statins

A

People with
Liver disease
Pregnant or breast feeding women

47
Q

Risk factors for stents are

A

Age
General health
Whether they have had a heart attack or not

48
Q

When is a heart transplant necessary

A

When there is heart failure
If other treatments aren’t working

49
Q

The risk factors of a heart transplant

A

Put major strain on body
Increased risk of infection from the drug that you have to take for the rest of your life

50
Q

What do you use to replace faulty valves

A

Using biological or mechanical valves

51
Q

How does diet increase risk of disease

A

If diets is poor it could lead to obesity as they are not getting the essential vitamins and minerals which increases the risk of diabetes and heart disease

52
Q

How does alcohol increase risk of disease

A

It damages liver causing fatty liver disease and hepatitis, cirrhosis and brain damage

53
Q

What are the symptoms of over drinking

A

Sickness , experiences weight loss, loss of appetite, yellowing of the eyes, confusion, drowsiness, and vomiting of blood

54
Q

What does smoking do to your body

A

Damages lining in arteries which leads to a heart attack, reduces amount of oxygen, increases heart rate, puts strain in heart, increase of blood clotting, increase of lung disease, airway becomes inflamed and mucus builds up

55
Q

What does carbon monoxide from cigarettes do

A

Reduces amount of oxygen in body

56
Q

What does nicotine from cigarettes do to you

A

Increases heart rate which puts strain on heart

57
Q

What do the chemicals form cigarettes do

A

Increase blood clotting which could lead to a stroke

58
Q

What effects does smoking have on an unborn baby

A

Increases risk of miscarriage
Suffer from respiratory infections
Long term physical growth and intellectual development of baby is affected
Birth weight of baby is reduced

59
Q

What effect does alcohol have on an unborn baby

A

Smaller in size
Smaller brain with fewer neurones
Long term learning and behavioural difficulties
Distinct facial features

60
Q

What are the human and physical costs of alcohol

A

Increased violence, antisocial behaviour
Increased risk of accidents
Increased absense from work
Increase chances of relationship breakups
Mental decline
Increases treatment cost to NHS

61
Q

What is the function of blood

A

Transports materials and heat around the body and helps protect against disease

62
Q

What does blood contain

A

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

63
Q

What is the function of red blood cells

A

Transports oxygen

64
Q

What is the function of white blood cells

A

Ingesting pathogens and producing antibodies

65
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

Blood clotting

66
Q

What do platelets do during blood clotting

A

Release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to form a mesh of insoluble fibrin fibres across the wound
They stick together to form clumps that get stuck in the fibrin mesh

67
Q

What happens after the blood clots

A

It forms a scab which protects the injury from infection

68
Q

What are the adaptations of a red blood cell

A

Contain haemoglobin
No nucleus so they can contain more haemoglobin and oxygen
Small and flexible so it can fit through narrow blood vessels
Have a biconcave shape to maximise surface area

69
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

A red protein that combines with oxygen

70
Q

What are lymphocytes and what are there adaptations

A

Makes up 25% of white blood cells
Produce soluble proteins called antibodies

71
Q

What are antibodies

A

They attach to antigens

72
Q

What are antigens

A

Is a substance on the surface of cells including bacteria and other pathogens

73
Q

What can antibodies neutralise

A

Toxins produced by pathogens

74
Q

Antibodies cause destruction by

A

Causing bacteria to burst open and die
Labelling the pathogen so that it is recognised more easily by phagocytes
Sticking pathogens together in clumps so that they can be engulfed by phagocytes more easily

75
Q

What are phagocytes and there adaptations

A

Make up 70% of white blood cells
Don’t produce antibodies
Ingest and destroy pathogens

76
Q

How to phagocytes destroy pathogens

A

It surrounds the bacterial cell and enclosing it in a vacuole
Enzymes are secreted into the vacuole to destroy bacterial cells

77
Q

What is starch detected by

A

Iodine solution

78
Q

If starch is present what colour will the iodine go

A

Blue/black

79
Q

What are proteins detected by

A

Biuret reagant

80
Q

If protein is present what colour does it go

A

Purple

81
Q

What are lipid detected by

A

The emulsion test

82
Q

What is the emulsion test

A

1) mix test substance with 2cm cubed of ethanol
2) then add 2cm cubed of distilled water
3)if a milky white cloudy solution appears then the substance contains lipids

83
Q

How do you if there is lipids present

A

A cloudy emulsion forms

84
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A substance that changes the rate if a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction itself

85
Q

What is the active site

A

The part of the enzyme to which a specific substrate can attach or fit onto to

86
Q

What is the substrate

A

The molecule taking part in the chemical reaction which fits into the active site once bound to it the chemical tape action takes place

87
Q

What are the 2 factors that affect enzyme action

A

Temperature
PH

88
Q

How does low temperature affect enzyme action

A

If there is a low temperature the number of successful collisions between enzymes and substrate is reduced because their molecular movement decreases reactions are slow

89
Q

What is the average temperature of bodies

A

37 degrees Celsius

90
Q

Why is it I,portent for the human body to have a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius

A

It is the optimum temperature for the enzymes in our body to work best

91
Q

How does high temperatures affect enzyme actions

A

It causes them to denature which changes there shape which then means the active site and substrate can’t bind

92
Q

How does ph affect enzyme action

A

If it’s not optimum ph then the shake of the enzyme will change and denature

93
Q

What does amylase break down

A

Starch into glucose

94
Q

What does protease break down

A

Protein into amino acids

95
Q

What does lipase break down

A

Lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol

96
Q

Where does amylase break down starch and where is it produced

A

Breaks down In the mouth and small intestine
Produced in the pancreas and salivary glands

97
Q

Where does protease break down protein and where is it produced

A

It gets broken down in the stomach and small intestine
And is produced in the stomach and pancreas

98
Q

Where does lipase break down lipids and where is it produced

A

It breaks them down in the small intestine
Produced in the pancreas

99
Q

Is amylase high ph low ph or slightly alkaline

A

Slightly alkaline

100
Q

Is protease a low ph a high of slightly alkaline

A

Low ph

101
Q

Is lipase a low ph high ph of slightly alkaline

A

High ph

102
Q

Where is bile stored

A

In the gall bladder

103
Q

What does 2 things does bile do

A

It emulsifies fats providing a larger surface area which the lipase enzymes can work
It neutralises the acid

104
Q

Why do we need enzymes

A

To be able to convert food into a small soluble molecule that can be absorbed in the blood stream

Biology (24 decks)

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