Topic 5 - Animal Tissues, Organs And Organ Systems Flashcards
What is digestion
Breaking down food into other substances that our body can use
What are the stages of digestion
Food is digested in the mouth stomach and small intestine
Digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine
Excess water is absorbed back into the body in the large intestine
Any undigested food passes out the anus as faeces
What does the liver produce
Bile
What does bile help with
Helps with the digestion of lipids
What does the pancreas produce
Biological catalysts
What is a biological catalyst
An enzyme
What do enzymes do
Speed up reactions
What are the adaptations of the villi
One cell think so short distance for diffusion and active transport
Has a network of blood capillaries which transports glucose and amino acids away from small intestine in the blood
The lacteals transports fatty acids and glycerol away from the small intestine in the lymph
What is the definition of health
Is the state of physical mental and social well being
What is a disease
Is a disorder that affects an organisms body, organs, tissues or cells
What factors can effect physical and mental health
Diet, stress and life situations
What is a communicable disease
Caused by pathogens and can be transferred from one person to another
What are some examples of a communicable disease
Measles
Food poisoning
Malaria
What is a non communicable disease
Cannot be transferred to another person
What are some examples of non communicable disease
Cancer
Diabetes
Heart disease
What happens when a cell becomes cancerous
It begins to divide and grow uncontrollably
What a group of cancerous cells called
A tumour
What are the two types of tumours
Benign and malignant
What is a benign tumour
Grows slowly, contained in one area, usually within a membrane, does not in idea other parts of body
What is a malignant tumour
Grows quickly, invade neighbouring tissues and spreads to different parts of the body in the blood where they form a secondary tumour
Lifestyles factors that increase chance of cancer
-Viruses liked with cancer such as HPV, being spread from person to person through sexual intercourse
-the chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke increasing the risk of lung cancer
-alcohol intake
-exposure to ultraviolet radiation
-diet
-genetics
What are the two upper chambers of the heart called
Left and right atrium
What are the two lower chambers in the heart called
Left and right ventricle
Where does the pulmonary artery pump blood to
Lungs where gas exchange takes place
Where does the pulmonary vein pump blood to
The rest of the body
What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by
A group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker
Does an artery have a large or small lumen
Small
Why does an artery have thick walls and a small lumen
To increase pressure to be able to pump blood around the whole body
Do arteries carry oxygenated blood of deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated
Do veins have a large or small lumen
Large
Why do they have a large lumen and thin walls
Because it does not need high pressure
Do veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated
Do arteries take blood away or to the heart
Away
Do veins take blood away or to the heart
To
What is a capillary
One cells thick
Connects veins and arteries
What is the scientific term for the wind pipe
Trachea
What does the trachea break into
Bronchi (left and right bronchus)
What to the bronchus break into
Bronchioles
What is at the end of bronchioles
Alveoli
What causes coronary heart disease
In the coronary artery fatty plaques containing cholesterol build up this decreases the supply of blood resulting in lack of oxygen to the heart muscle causing a heart attack
What does the coronary artery supply blood to
The heart muscle
What are the 2 possible treatment for coronary heart disease
Statins
Stents
What is a stent and how does it work
Is a hollow tube made from metal alloys it is inserted in by a catheter it stretches open the artery allowing blood to flow through and is a longer term solution
What are statins and how does it work
It is a drug which lowers the amount of cholesterol in blood
What are the symptoms of statins
Headaches and memory loss
Increases chance of type 2 diabetes and liver damage
What people should not take statins
People with
Liver disease
Pregnant or breast feeding women
Risk factors for stents are
Age
General health
Whether they have had a heart attack or not
When is a heart transplant necessary
When there is heart failure
If other treatments aren’t working
The risk factors of a heart transplant
Put major strain on body
Increased risk of infection from the drug that you have to take for the rest of your life
What do you use to replace faulty valves
Using biological or mechanical valves
How does diet increase risk of disease
If diets is poor it could lead to obesity as they are not getting the essential vitamins and minerals which increases the risk of diabetes and heart disease
How does alcohol increase risk of disease
It damages liver causing fatty liver disease and hepatitis, cirrhosis and brain damage
What are the symptoms of over drinking
Sickness , experiences weight loss, loss of appetite, yellowing of the eyes, confusion, drowsiness, and vomiting of blood
What does smoking do to your body
Damages lining in arteries which leads to a heart attack, reduces amount of oxygen, increases heart rate, puts strain in heart, increase of blood clotting, increase of lung disease, airway becomes inflamed and mucus builds up
What does carbon monoxide from cigarettes do
Reduces amount of oxygen in body
What does nicotine from cigarettes do to you
Increases heart rate which puts strain on heart
What do the chemicals form cigarettes do
Increase blood clotting which could lead to a stroke
What effects does smoking have on an unborn baby
Increases risk of miscarriage
Suffer from respiratory infections
Long term physical growth and intellectual development of baby is affected
Birth weight of baby is reduced
What effect does alcohol have on an unborn baby
Smaller in size
Smaller brain with fewer neurones
Long term learning and behavioural difficulties
Distinct facial features
What are the human and physical costs of alcohol
Increased violence, antisocial behaviour
Increased risk of accidents
Increased absense from work
Increase chances of relationship breakups
Mental decline
Increases treatment cost to NHS
What is the function of blood
Transports materials and heat around the body and helps protect against disease
What does blood contain
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
What is the function of red blood cells
Transports oxygen
What is the function of white blood cells
Ingesting pathogens and producing antibodies
What is the function of platelets
Blood clotting
What do platelets do during blood clotting
Release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to form a mesh of insoluble fibrin fibres across the wound
They stick together to form clumps that get stuck in the fibrin mesh
What happens after the blood clots
It forms a scab which protects the injury from infection
What are the adaptations of a red blood cell
Contain haemoglobin
No nucleus so they can contain more haemoglobin and oxygen
Small and flexible so it can fit through narrow blood vessels
Have a biconcave shape to maximise surface area
What is haemoglobin
A red protein that combines with oxygen
What are lymphocytes and what are there adaptations
Makes up 25% of white blood cells
Produce soluble proteins called antibodies
What are antibodies
They attach to antigens
What are antigens
Is a substance on the surface of cells including bacteria and other pathogens
What can antibodies neutralise
Toxins produced by pathogens
Antibodies cause destruction by
Causing bacteria to burst open and die
Labelling the pathogen so that it is recognised more easily by phagocytes
Sticking pathogens together in clumps so that they can be engulfed by phagocytes more easily
What are phagocytes and there adaptations
Make up 70% of white blood cells
Don’t produce antibodies
Ingest and destroy pathogens
How to phagocytes destroy pathogens
It surrounds the bacterial cell and enclosing it in a vacuole
Enzymes are secreted into the vacuole to destroy bacterial cells
What is starch detected by
Iodine solution
If starch is present what colour will the iodine go
Blue/black
What are proteins detected by
Biuret reagant
If protein is present what colour does it go
Purple
What are lipid detected by
The emulsion test
What is the emulsion test
1) mix test substance with 2cm cubed of ethanol
2) then add 2cm cubed of distilled water
3)if a milky white cloudy solution appears then the substance contains lipids
How do you if there is lipids present
A cloudy emulsion forms
What is a catalyst
A substance that changes the rate if a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction itself
What is the active site
The part of the enzyme to which a specific substrate can attach or fit onto to
What is the substrate
The molecule taking part in the chemical reaction which fits into the active site once bound to it the chemical tape action takes place
What are the 2 factors that affect enzyme action
Temperature
PH
How does low temperature affect enzyme action
If there is a low temperature the number of successful collisions between enzymes and substrate is reduced because their molecular movement decreases reactions are slow
What is the average temperature of bodies
37 degrees Celsius
Why is it I,portent for the human body to have a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius
It is the optimum temperature for the enzymes in our body to work best
How does high temperatures affect enzyme actions
It causes them to denature which changes there shape which then means the active site and substrate can’t bind
How does ph affect enzyme action
If it’s not optimum ph then the shake of the enzyme will change and denature
What does amylase break down
Starch into glucose
What does protease break down
Protein into amino acids
What does lipase break down
Lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol
Where does amylase break down starch and where is it produced
Breaks down In the mouth and small intestine
Produced in the pancreas and salivary glands
Where does protease break down protein and where is it produced
It gets broken down in the stomach and small intestine
And is produced in the stomach and pancreas
Where does lipase break down lipids and where is it produced
It breaks them down in the small intestine
Produced in the pancreas
Is amylase high ph low ph or slightly alkaline
Slightly alkaline
Is protease a low ph a high of slightly alkaline
Low ph
Is lipase a low ph high ph of slightly alkaline
High ph
Where is bile stored
In the gall bladder
What does 2 things does bile do
It emulsifies fats providing a larger surface area which the lipase enzymes can work
It neutralises the acid
Why do we need enzymes
To be able to convert food into a small soluble molecule that can be absorbed in the blood stream
