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Biology > Topic 5 - Animal Tissues, Organs And Organ Systems > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Animal Tissues, Organs And Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion

A

Breaking down food into other substances that our body can use

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2
Q

What are the stages of digestion

A

Food is digested in the mouth stomach and small intestine
Digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine
Excess water is absorbed back into the body in the large intestine
Any undigested food passes out the anus as faeces

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3
Q

What does the liver produce

A

Bile

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4
Q

What does bile help with

A

Helps with the digestion of lipids

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5
Q

What does the pancreas produce

A

Biological catalysts

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6
Q

What is a biological catalyst

A

An enzyme

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7
Q

What do enzymes do

A

Speed up reactions

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8
Q

What are the adaptations of the villi

A

One cell think so short distance for diffusion and active transport
Has a network of blood capillaries which transports glucose and amino acids away from small intestine in the blood
The lacteals transports fatty acids and glycerol away from the small intestine in the lymph

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9
Q

What is the definition of health

A

Is the state of physical mental and social well being

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10
Q

What is a disease

A

Is a disorder that affects an organisms body, organs, tissues or cells

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11
Q

What factors can effect physical and mental health

A

Diet, stress and life situations

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12
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

Caused by pathogens and can be transferred from one person to another

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13
Q

What are some examples of a communicable disease

A

Measles
Food poisoning
Malaria

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14
Q

What is a non communicable disease

A

Cannot be transferred to another person

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15
Q

What are some examples of non communicable disease

A

Cancer
Diabetes
Heart disease

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16
Q

What happens when a cell becomes cancerous

A

It begins to divide and grow uncontrollably

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17
Q

What a group of cancerous cells called

A

A tumour

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18
Q

What are the two types of tumours

A

Benign and malignant

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19
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

Grows slowly, contained in one area, usually within a membrane, does not in idea other parts of body

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20
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

Grows quickly, invade neighbouring tissues and spreads to different parts of the body in the blood where they form a secondary tumour

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21
Q

Lifestyles factors that increase chance of cancer

A

-Viruses liked with cancer such as HPV, being spread from person to person through sexual intercourse
-the chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke increasing the risk of lung cancer
-alcohol intake
-exposure to ultraviolet radiation
-diet
-genetics

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22
Q

What are the two upper chambers of the heart called

A

Left and right atrium

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23
Q

What are the two lower chambers in the heart called

A

Left and right ventricle

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24
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery pump blood to

A

Lungs where gas exchange takes place

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25
Where does the pulmonary vein pump blood to
The rest of the body
26
What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by
A group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker
27
Does an artery have a large or small lumen
Small
28
Why does an artery have thick walls and a small lumen
To increase pressure to be able to pump blood around the whole body
29
Do arteries carry oxygenated blood of deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated
30
Do veins have a large or small lumen
Large
31
Why do they have a large lumen and thin walls
Because it does not need high pressure
32
Do veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated
33
Do arteries take blood away or to the heart
Away
34
Do veins take blood away or to the heart
To
35
What is a capillary
One cells thick Connects veins and arteries
36
What is the scientific term for the wind pipe
Trachea
37
What does the trachea break into
Bronchi (left and right bronchus)
38
What to the bronchus break into
Bronchioles
39
What is at the end of bronchioles
Alveoli
40
What causes coronary heart disease
In the coronary artery fatty plaques containing cholesterol build up this decreases the supply of blood resulting in lack of oxygen to the heart muscle causing a heart attack
41
What does the coronary artery supply blood to
The heart muscle
42
What are the 2 possible treatment for coronary heart disease
Statins Stents
43
What is a stent and how does it work
Is a hollow tube made from metal alloys it is inserted in by a catheter it stretches open the artery allowing blood to flow through and is a longer term solution
44
What are statins and how does it work
It is a drug which lowers the amount of cholesterol in blood
45
What are the symptoms of statins
Headaches and memory loss Increases chance of type 2 diabetes and liver damage
46
What people should not take statins
People with Liver disease Pregnant or breast feeding women
47
Risk factors for stents are
Age General health Whether they have had a heart attack or not
48
When is a heart transplant necessary
When there is heart failure If other treatments aren’t working
49
The risk factors of a heart transplant
Put major strain on body Increased risk of infection from the drug that you have to take for the rest of your life
50
What do you use to replace faulty valves
Using biological or mechanical valves
51
How does diet increase risk of disease
If diets is poor it could lead to obesity as they are not getting the essential vitamins and minerals which increases the risk of diabetes and heart disease
52
How does alcohol increase risk of disease
It damages liver causing fatty liver disease and hepatitis, cirrhosis and brain damage
53
What are the symptoms of over drinking
Sickness , experiences weight loss, loss of appetite, yellowing of the eyes, confusion, drowsiness, and vomiting of blood
54
What does smoking do to your body
Damages lining in arteries which leads to a heart attack, reduces amount of oxygen, increases heart rate, puts strain in heart, increase of blood clotting, increase of lung disease, airway becomes inflamed and mucus builds up
55
What does carbon monoxide from cigarettes do
Reduces amount of oxygen in body
56
What does nicotine from cigarettes do to you
Increases heart rate which puts strain on heart
57
What do the chemicals form cigarettes do
Increase blood clotting which could lead to a stroke
58
What effects does smoking have on an unborn baby
Increases risk of miscarriage Suffer from respiratory infections Long term physical growth and intellectual development of baby is affected Birth weight of baby is reduced
59
What effect does alcohol have on an unborn baby
Smaller in size Smaller brain with fewer neurones Long term learning and behavioural difficulties Distinct facial features
60
What are the human and physical costs of alcohol
Increased violence, antisocial behaviour Increased risk of accidents Increased absense from work Increase chances of relationship breakups Mental decline Increases treatment cost to NHS
61
What is the function of blood
Transports materials and heat around the body and helps protect against disease
62
What does blood contain
Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets
63
What is the function of red blood cells
Transports oxygen
64
What is the function of white blood cells
Ingesting pathogens and producing antibodies
65
What is the function of platelets
Blood clotting
66
What do platelets do during blood clotting
Release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to form a mesh of insoluble fibrin fibres across the wound They stick together to form clumps that get stuck in the fibrin mesh
67
What happens after the blood clots
It forms a scab which protects the injury from infection
68
What are the adaptations of a red blood cell
Contain haemoglobin No nucleus so they can contain more haemoglobin and oxygen Small and flexible so it can fit through narrow blood vessels Have a biconcave shape to maximise surface area
69
What is haemoglobin
A red protein that combines with oxygen
70
What are lymphocytes and what are there adaptations
Makes up 25% of white blood cells Produce soluble proteins called antibodies
71
What are antibodies
They attach to antigens
72
What are antigens
Is a substance on the surface of cells including bacteria and other pathogens
73
What can antibodies neutralise
Toxins produced by pathogens
74
Antibodies cause destruction by
Causing bacteria to burst open and die Labelling the pathogen so that it is recognised more easily by phagocytes Sticking pathogens together in clumps so that they can be engulfed by phagocytes more easily
75
What are phagocytes and there adaptations
Make up 70% of white blood cells Don’t produce antibodies Ingest and destroy pathogens
76
How to phagocytes destroy pathogens
It surrounds the bacterial cell and enclosing it in a vacuole Enzymes are secreted into the vacuole to destroy bacterial cells
77
What is starch detected by
Iodine solution
78
If starch is present what colour will the iodine go
Blue/black
79
What are proteins detected by
Biuret reagant
80
If protein is present what colour does it go
Purple
81
What are lipid detected by
The emulsion test
82
What is the emulsion test
1) mix test substance with 2cm cubed of ethanol 2) then add 2cm cubed of distilled water 3)if a milky white cloudy solution appears then the substance contains lipids
83
How do you if there is lipids present
A cloudy emulsion forms
84
What is a catalyst
A substance that changes the rate if a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction itself
85
What is the active site
The part of the enzyme to which a specific substrate can attach or fit onto to
86
What is the substrate
The molecule taking part in the chemical reaction which fits into the active site once bound to it the chemical tape action takes place
87
What are the 2 factors that affect enzyme action
Temperature PH
88
How does low temperature affect enzyme action
If there is a low temperature the number of successful collisions between enzymes and substrate is reduced because their molecular movement decreases reactions are slow
89
What is the average temperature of bodies
37 degrees Celsius
90
Why is it I,portent for the human body to have a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius
It is the optimum temperature for the enzymes in our body to work best
91
How does high temperatures affect enzyme actions
It causes them to denature which changes there shape which then means the active site and substrate can’t bind
92
How does ph affect enzyme action
If it’s not optimum ph then the shake of the enzyme will change and denature
93
What does amylase break down
Starch into glucose
94
What does protease break down
Protein into amino acids
95
What does lipase break down
Lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol
96
Where does amylase break down starch and where is it produced
Breaks down In the mouth and small intestine Produced in the pancreas and salivary glands
97
Where does protease break down protein and where is it produced
It gets broken down in the stomach and small intestine And is produced in the stomach and pancreas
98
Where does lipase break down lipids and where is it produced
It breaks them down in the small intestine Produced in the pancreas
99
Is amylase high ph low ph or slightly alkaline
Slightly alkaline
100
Is protease a low ph a high of slightly alkaline
Low ph
101
Is lipase a low ph high ph of slightly alkaline
High ph
102
Where is bile stored
In the gall bladder
103
What does 2 things does bile do
It emulsifies fats providing a larger surface area which the lipase enzymes can work It neutralises the acid
104
Why do we need enzymes
To be able to convert food into a small soluble molecule that can be absorbed in the blood stream

Biology (24 decks)

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