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ANAT102 > Topic 8: Bones & Joints of the vertebral column > Flashcards

Topic 8: Bones & Joints of the vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. support upper body weight
  2. protect spinal cord & nerves
  3. allow trunk movement
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2
Q

How many vertebrae in the cervical region?

A

7

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3
Q

How many vertebrae in the thoracic region?

A

12

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4
Q

How many vertebrae in the Lumbar region?

A

5

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5
Q

How many vertebrae in the sacral region?

A

5 fused

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6
Q

How many vertebrae in the coccygeal region?

A

4 fused

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7
Q

General characteristics of vertebral body

A
  1. weight bearing
  2. movement
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8
Q

General characteristics of vertebral arch

A
  1. protection
  2. movement
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9
Q

General characteristics of vertebral foramen/ canal

A
  1. passageway –> for nerve tissue
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10
Q

What does the pedicle connect?

A

the vertebral arch to the body

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11
Q

what are the 2 sets of processes on the vertebrae?

A
  1. transverse processes
  2. spinous processes
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12
Q

What is the lamina

A
  • region of bone between spinous processes and transverse processes
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13
Q

What is the thickest part of the lamina called?

A

pars interarticularis

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14
Q

What 2 notches are on the vertebrae?

A
  1. superior intervertebral notch
  2. inferior intervertebral notch
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15
Q

what articular processes are there?`

A
  1. superior articular process
  2. inferior articular process with articular facet
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16
Q

what happens when the intervertebral notches articulate?

A

turn into canals - nerves exit the VC here

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17
Q

The intervertebral canals = bound by?

A
  1. IV disc in front
  2. bone of the pedicle above & below
  3. Z jts behind
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18
Q

JTS OF THE VERT COLUMN
1. classify the interbody jt (intervertebral disc)

A

modified fibrocartilaginous symphysis

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19
Q

Components of the Interbody Jt

A
  1. cartilage end plate
  2. annulus fibrosis
  3. nucleus pulposis
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20
Q

what is the annulus fibrosis?

A

alternating layers of dense regular connective tissue

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21
Q

What consistency is the nucleus pulposis?

A

toothpaste like consistency

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22
Q

what is the cartilage end plate?

A

cartilage disc

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23
Q

Functions of the cartilage end plate

A
  1. transmits weight to adjacent vert body
  2. confines nucleus pulposis & annulus fibrosis
  3. role in securing nutrition for disc
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24
Q

Functions of the annulus fibrosis

A
  1. retain the nucleus pulposus (keeps it in centre)
  2. allow & limit movement
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25
Q

Functions of the nucleus pulposus

A
  1. shock absorber –> rapidly applied loads are temporarily diverted into bracing the annulus fibrosis
  2. force distributor (dissipates forces down)
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26
Q

what do the IV discs vary in?

A

thickness & shape

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27
Q

where are the IV discs thickest & thinnest in?

A
  1. thickest in lumbar region
  2. thinnest in upper thoracic region –> facilitates greater movement
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28
Q

are the IV discs avascular?

A

yes

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29
Q

where do IV discs gain nutrition from?

A
  1. diffusion from vertebral bodies
  2. imbibing fluids `
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30
Q

what are IV discs only supplied with?

A

nerves at their peripherary

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31
Q

how much length do the IV discs contribute to in the VC?

A

25%

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32
Q

What is the annulus fibrosis like in the lumbar region

A

consists of alternating layers oriented 65-70 degrees to vertical
– limits movement in all directions

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33
Q

Where is the IV disc thickest in the lumbar region?

A

anteriorly

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34
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus like in the cervical region?

A

very small & has disappeared by early adult life

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35
Q

what does the annulus fibrosis develop at the start of adolescence?

A

horizontal fissures

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36
Q

Function of the interbody joint

A

determine movement

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37
Q

what does the oblique orientation of annulus fibres in the interbody joint mean?

A

shear movements in every direction are limited

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38
Q

what does the length of annulus fibres in the interbody joint mean?

A

rocking movements are allowed

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39
Q

another function of the interbody joint

A

weight bearing

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40
Q

weight bearing in the IV disc results in:

A
  1. transmission of load to adjacent vertebra via end plate
  2. shock absorption
  3. increased effectiveness of annulus fibrosis in weight-bearing
  4. reformation of IV disc
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41
Q

what happens to the nucleus pulposis in weight bearing load?

A
  • radial expansion of nucleus pulposis
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42
Q

what happens to the annulus fibrosis in weight bearing?

A

tension (transfers load to inferior vertebrae)

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43
Q

what do interbody joints contribute to?

A

normal vertebral column curvature

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44
Q

in the lordotic curve, where are the discs thicker?

A

anteriorly

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45
Q

what is the function of the normal curvature of VC?

A

increase the shock absorbing function of the VC

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46
Q

what regions of the VC are kyphotic? (primary/structural curve)

A

thoracic/ sacral regions

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47
Q

what regions of the VC are lordotic? (secondary/ functional curve)–> grows to help with function e.g. head control (cervical)

A

cervical/ lumbar regions

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48
Q

where does the Line of gravity pass through in the VC?

A

through the junctions of normal VC curves (pass through the boundary between kyphotic and lordotic curves)

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49
Q

JOINTS OF THE VC
1. Zygapophyseal joint
classify

A

synovial, multiaxial, plane

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50
Q

articular surfaces of Z joint

A

superior and inferior articular facets

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51
Q

articular capsule of the Z joint

A
  • loose but reinforced by:
    1. ligamentum flavum
    2. multifidus
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52
Q

Functions of the Z joint

A
  1. to determine the direction of VC movement
  2. to determine the range of VC movement
  3. to bear weight (67% in cervical region, 15% in lumbar region)
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53
Q

what determines the VC movements?

A

articular triad

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54
Q

what does the articular triad consist of?

A
  1. interbody joint
  2. z jt of each vertebral level
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55
Q

movements of the VC

A
  1. flexion/ extension
  2. right and left lateral flexion
  3. right and left rotation
56
Q

what is the relationship between the segmental ROM and total ROM

A

segmental ROM = small
total ROM = large

57
Q

what is the orientation of the superior articular facets in the cervical region (C3-7)

A

tipped forward from the coronal plane

58
Q

what is conjunct rotation of the cervical region?

A

ipsilateral coupling with lateral flexion

59
Q

how much flexion/ extension is present in the cervical region?

A

large range
- IV disc degeneration (fissures in annulus fibrosis)

60
Q

what develops when the IV disc degenerates in the cervical region?

A

uncovertebral joints – allows for greater ROM

61
Q

is the upper cervical vertebrae (C1-2) contralateral/ ipsilateral rotation?

A

contralateral

62
Q

Orientation of the superior articular facets in the thoracic region

A

close to the coronal plane

63
Q

how much movement, and in what direction, is allowed in thoracic region?

A

equal range of movements in all directions

64
Q

why is all movements limited in the thoracic region?

A

due to ribs & tissues around ribs

65
Q

what is the shape of the superior articular facets in the upper lumbar region?

A

“J-shaped”

66
Q

what happens to the movement in the lumbar region in the sagittal portion?

A

very very limited rotation

67
Q

what is the benefit of the J shaped facets in the coronal portion?

A

protection for IV disc (important for weight bearing)

68
Q

what movements are good in the lumbar region?

A
  • good flex/ ext & lateral flex
69
Q

what movements are not so good in the lumbar region?

A

poor rotation

70
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
1. anterior longitudinal ligament
where does it extend from?

A

from C1 to sacrum – attaching to anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and discs

71
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
1. anterior longitudinal ligament
how many segments do the outer fibres span across?

A

3-4 segments (more superficial)

72
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
1. anterior longitudinal ligament
how many segments do the inner fibres span across?

A

1 segment (deeper)

73
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
1. anterior longitudinal ligament
what does this ligament limit?

A

extension

74
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
2. posterior longitudinal ligament
Where does it extend from?

A

C2 to sacrum – attaching to posterior surfaces of margins of vertebral bodies and discs

75
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
2. posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the posterior longitudinal ligament separated from the vertebral bodies by?

A

venous plexus

76
Q

where is the posterior longitudinal ligament weak and narrow?

A

lumbar area

77
Q

what movement does the post longitudinal ligament limit?

A

flexion

78
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
3. Ligamentum Flavum
What does this ligament contain a lot of?

A

elastic tissue

79
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
3. Ligamentum Flavum
What does it connect?

A

the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
- passes from the posterior surface of the lamina of one vertebrae to the anterior surface of the lamina of the vertebra above

80
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
3. Ligamentum Flavum
What does it attach to?

A

anterior part of capsule of the Z joints

81
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
3. Ligamentum Flavum
Functions

A
  1. “brake” flexion (slow it down)
  2. protect Z joint capsules
  3. protect neural tissue
82
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
4. Supraspinous ligament
What does it connect?

A

Apices of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum

83
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
4. Supraspinous ligament
Where may it be absent?

A

Low lumbar area

84
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
4. Supraspinous ligament
What does it expand as over the cervical area?

A

ligamentum nuchae

85
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
4. Supraspinous ligament
What movement does it limit?

A

flexion

86
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
5. Interspinous ligament
What does it connect?

A

spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

87
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
5. Interspinous ligament
What movement does it limit?

A

flexion

88
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
6. Intertransverse ligament
What does it connect?

A

transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

89
Q

LIGAMENTS OF THE VC
6. Intertransverse ligament
What movement does it limit?

A

Lateral flexion

90
Q

JOINTS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
What are the 2 main classes of joints of the cervical spine?

A
  1. Craniovertebral joints
  2. Joints of lower cervical spine (C3-7)
91
Q

What does the craniovertebral joints encompass?

A

occipital condyles, C1& C2

92
Q

what are the 2 joints in the craniovertebral joints?

A
  1. atlanto-occipital joints
  2. atlanto-axial joints
    –> median
    –> lateral
93
Q

What are the 3 joints of the lower cervical spine (C3-7)?

A
  1. zygapophyseal joints
  2. interbody joints
  3. uncovertebral joints
94
Q

JOINTS OF THE LOWER CERVICAL SPINE
1. Z joint
Articular facets

A

lie in the coronal plane
– results in ipsilateral coupling of lateral flexion & rotation in the cervical spine
tilted anteriorly
–> large flexion/ extension ROM
–> no protection for cervical IV disc which = fissuring in annulus fibrosis

95
Q

What size is the nucleus pulposis in the cervical vertebrae?

A

very small

96
Q

What happens to the nucleus pulposis in the cervical region by the 3rd decade?

A

disappeared –> reflects a decreased weight bearing role

97
Q

Where is the annulus fibrosis (cervical) thin?

A

posteriorly

98
Q

What is the annulus fibrosis not composes of (cervical)

A

alternating layers of collagen fibres (less weight bearing)

99
Q

What happens to the annulus fibrosis from 1st decade?

A

begins to develop horizontal fissures –> increase to completely divide disc in half in many elderly people
– reflects decreased role of cervical Z articular surfaces in protecting IV discs
– reflects large range of cervical spine movement

100
Q
  1. UNCOVERTEBRAL JOINTS
    What are they between
A

synovial joints between cervical bodies lateral to IV discs
–> between uncus of vertebra below and vertebral body of vertebra above

101
Q
  1. UNCOVERTEBRAL JOINTS
    How do they develop?
A

as annulus fibrosis degenerates, to permit large ROM of cervical region

102
Q

CRANIOVERTEBRAL JOINTS

A
  1. atlanto-occipital joints
  2. atlanto-axial joints
103
Q

C1- Atlas
What landmarks are seen anteriorly?

A
  1. facet for dens
  2. superior articular facet
  3. transverse process
104
Q

C1- Atlas
What landmarks are seen posteriorly?

A
  1. posterior arch
105
Q

C2- Axis
What landmarks are seen anteriorly?

A
  1. dens
  2. superior articular facets
  3. transverse process
106
Q

C2- Axis
What landmarks are seen posteriorly?

A
  1. spinous process
  2. body
107
Q

What does the dens look like?

A

a tooth (DENtist)

108
Q

what is the function of the dens?

A

axis of rotation between C1&C2)

109
Q
  1. ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINTS
    Classification
A

synovial, biaxial, condyloid (often considered ellipsoid)

110
Q
  1. ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINTS
    Movements
A
  • flexion/ extension
  • lateral flexion & rotation coupled contralaterally
111
Q
  1. ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINTS
    Articular surfaces
A
  • superior facets of atlas
  • occipital condyles of skull
112
Q
  1. ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINTS
    Articular capsule
A

thin, loose

113
Q
  1. ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINTS (ligaments)
  2. anterior & posterior atlanto-occipital membranes limit what?
A

all movements @ atlanto-occipital joints

114
Q
  1. ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINTS (ligaments)
    2.
A

anterior & posterior atlanto-axial membranes

115
Q
  1. ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINTS
    What are the 3 jts between atlas & axis?
A
  1. median atlanto-axial joint
  2. 2 x lateral atlanto-axial joints
116
Q
  1. ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINTS
    Classification of the median atlanto-axial joint
A

Synovial, uniaxial, pivot

117
Q
  1. ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINTS
    Classification of the lateral atlanto-axial joints
A

synovial, multiaxial, plane (z joints)

118
Q
  1. ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINTS
    What is there at the atlas because it has no body?
A

IV disc

119
Q
  1. ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINTS
    Movement
A
  • rotation (contralateral)
  • total range = 30 degrees
120
Q
  1. ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINTS
    Movement
A
  • rotation (contralateral)
  • total range = 30 degrees
121
Q

MEDIAN ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT
Articular surface

A
  • dens (odontoid process) of axis
  • anterior arch of atlas
  • transverse ligament of atlas
122
Q

MEDIAN ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT
Where are the 2 separate joint cavities between?

A
  • dens & anterior arch of atlas
  • dens & transverse ligament
123
Q

ATLANTO-AXIAL ligaments
1. transverse ligament of atlas
What does it do?

A

holds dens firmly against anterior arch of atlas

124
Q

ATLANTO-AXIAL ligaments
1. transverse ligament of atlas
What movements does it limit?

A

anterior glide of atlas during flexion

125
Q

ATLANTO-AXIAL ligaments
2. Apical ligament of dens

A

tip of dens to occipital bone
- keeps dens & occipital bone somewhat connected

126
Q

ATLANTO-AXIAL ligaments
3. Tectorial membrane

A

superior continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament (@C1)
- limits flexion

127
Q

ATLANTO-AXIAL ligaments
4. Cruciform ligament
What is it an extension of?

A

extension of transverse ligament as it passes over dens

128
Q

ATLANTO-AXIAL ligaments
4. Cruciform ligament
What does it attach to superiorly?

A

occipital bone

129
Q

ATLANTO-AXIAL ligaments
4. Cruciform ligament
What does it attach to inferiorly?

A

posterior surface of body of axis

130
Q

ATLANTO-AXIAL ligaments
4. Cruciform ligament
What movement does it limit?

A

flexion

131
Q

ATLANTO-AXIAL ligaments
5. Alar (bilateral)
From where to where?

A

from tip of dens to occipital bone and lateral mass of atlas

132
Q

ATLANTO-AXIAL ligaments
5. Alar (bilateral)
What movements does it limit?

A
  1. flexion
  2. contralateral rotation
  3. lateral flexion
133
Q

Ligamentum nuchae

A

not a “true” ligament of the neck

134
Q

Ligamentum nuchae- what is it?

A

unique arrangement of tendons and fascia between posterior neck muscles

135
Q

Ligamentum nuchae- where does it go?

A

external occipital protuberance to spinous processes of C7

ANAT102 (9 decks)

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