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ANAT102 > Topic 10: MUSCLES OF THE BACK, NECK AND ABDOMEN > Flashcards

Topic 10: MUSCLES OF THE BACK, NECK AND ABDOMEN Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

A
  1. rectus abdominus
  2. external obliques
  3. internal obliques
  4. transversus abdominus
  5. pyramidalis
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2
Q
  1. Rectus Abdominus
    PA
A

xiphoid process of sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 5,6, and 7

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3
Q
  1. rectus abd
    DA
A

pubic crest, and pubic symphysis

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4
Q
  1. Rectus Abdominus
    Actions
A
  1. trunk flexion (bilateral contraction)
  2. lateral flexion (unilateral contraction)
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5
Q

what is the rectus abdominus enclose by at the front and back?

A

rectus sheath

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6
Q

What is the rectus sheath formed from?

A

the aponeuroses of the 3 lateral abdominal muscles

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7
Q

What happens to the rectus sheath fibres at the mid-line?

A

fibres meet and cross over to form a dense fibrous raphe called the linea alba

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8
Q

Where does the linea run from?

A

the xiphoid process to the pubic crest & pubic symphysis

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9
Q
  1. External Oblique
    PA
A

outer border lower 8 ribs and costal cartilages

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10
Q
  1. External Oblique
    DA
A

iliac crest, linea alba

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11
Q
  1. External Oblique
    Actions
A
  1. trunk flexion (sag plane)- bilateral
  2. contralateral rotation
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12
Q

What happens to the lower edge of the external obliques?

A

it is free and forms the inguinal ligament

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13
Q
  1. Internal oblique
    PA
A

lower border lower 4 ribs and costal cartilages

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14
Q
  1. Internal oblique
    DA
A

iliac crest, linea alba

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15
Q
  1. Internal oblique
    Actions
A
  1. ipsilateral rotation
  2. some trunk flexion
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16
Q

what happens to the lower edge of the internal obliques?

A

joints to the inguinal ligament to contribute to the inguinal canal

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17
Q
  1. Transverse abdominus
    PA
A

inner surface of the costal cartilages of the lower 6 ribs

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18
Q
  1. Transverse abdominus
    DA
A

iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia (post), inguinal ligament (ant)

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19
Q
  1. Transverse abdominus
    Functions
A

increases intra-abdominal pressure (expiration)

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20
Q

What happens to the lower edge of the transversus abdominus?

A

joins to the inguinal ligament to contribute to the inguinal canal

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21
Q
  1. Pyramidalis
    PA
A

symphysis pubis and superior margin of pubis

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22
Q
  1. Pyramidalis
    DA
A

linea alba

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23
Q
  1. Pyramidalis
    Action
A

tenses the lower linea alba

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24
Q

Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

A
  1. Quadratus lumborum
  2. Psoas major
  3. Psoas Minor
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25
Q
  1. Quadratus Lumborum
    PA
A

lower border rib 12, transverse processes of L1- L5

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26
Q
  1. Quadratus Lumborum
    DA
A

iliac crest & iliolumbar ligament

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27
Q
  1. Quadratus Lumborum
    Actions
A
  1. trunk extension (not really)
  2. lateral flexion
  3. anterior pelvic tilt (also ipsilateral tilt)
  4. if pelvis fixed, depress rib 12 (expiration)
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28
Q
  1. Psoas Major
    PA
A

TP’s of L1-5, bodies and discs of T12- L5

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29
Q
  1. Psoas Major
    DA
A

lesser trochanter of femur

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30
Q
  1. Psoas Major
    Actions
A
  1. hip flexion
  2. fixed femur; trunk flexion
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31
Q
  1. Psoas Minor
    PA
A

bodies & discs of T12 & L1

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32
Q
  1. Psoas Minor
    DA
A

pecten pubis, superior pubic ramus

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33
Q
  1. Psoas Minor
    Actions
A

trunk flexion if present

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34
Q

Fun fact about the psoas minor

A

often absent in many people

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35
Q

INNERVATION OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall supplied by?

A

ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves

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36
Q

Rec abd nerve supply

A

T6/7- L1

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37
Q

Ext obliques NS

A

T7-T12

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38
Q

Int obliques NS

A

T7-L1

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39
Q

Transversus abdominus NS

A

T7-L1

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40
Q

General features of muscles of the back

A

Arranged in “sheets” which extend along the vertebral column

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41
Q

3 groups of back muscles

A
  1. erector spinae group
  2. transversospinalis group
  3. uni-segmental group
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42
Q

Features of the erector spinae group

A
  1. vertical sheet
  2. superficial
  3. extends the length of the VC
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43
Q

Features of the transversospinalis group

A
  1. oblique sheet
  2. deep to erector spinae
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44
Q

Features of the uni-segmental group

A

deep to transversospinalis group

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45
Q

What are the muscles of the back supplied by?

A

the dorsal (posterior primary) rami of spinal nerves

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46
Q
  1. erector spinae group
    Function
A

“erects” the spine

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47
Q
  1. erector spinae group
    Muscles run…
A

in columns, posteriorly

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48
Q
  1. erector spinae group
    Inferior attachment
A

at a common origin

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49
Q
  1. erector spinae group
    What is it?
A

single belly in lumbar region, which divides into 3 parallel columns as it extends superiorly and medially

50
Q

3 divisions of the erector spinae group

A
  1. spinalis (medial)
  2. Longissimus (next)
  3. Iliocostalis (lateral)
51
Q

Which muscle holds down the erector spinae group?

A

serratus posterior inferior

52
Q
  1. ILIOCOSTALIS
    Where is it in terms of the ES
A

most lateral column of the ES muscs

53
Q
  1. ILIOCOSTALIS
    Attaches to?
A

angles of ribs

54
Q
  1. ILIOCOSTALIS
    Actions
A
  1. extends trunk & neck
  2. ipsilaterally flexes trunk & neck
55
Q

3 parts of the iliocostalis

A
  1. iliocostalis lumborum
  2. iliocostalis thoracis
  3. iliocostalis cervicis
56
Q

Iliocostalis lumborum attachments

A

from common origin to angles of lower ribs

57
Q

Iliocostalis thoracis attachments

A

common origin and angles of lower ribs to angles of upper ribs

58
Q

Iliocostalis cervicis attachments

A

from angles of upper ribs to transverse processes of lower cervical vertebrae

59
Q
  1. LONGISSIMUS
    Where is it in terms of ES
A

intermediate column of ES

60
Q
  1. LONGISSIMUS
    What does it attach to?
A

transverse processes of vertebrae

61
Q
  1. LONGISSIMUS
    Actions
A

Extends trunk, neck & head

62
Q

3 parts of longissimus

A
  1. longissimus thoracis
  2. longissimus cervicis
  3. longissimus capitis
63
Q

attachments of Longissimus thoracis

A

common origin to transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae & adjacent rib

64
Q

attachments of longissimus cervicis

A

TP upper thoracic vertebrae to TP mid cervical vertebrae

65
Q

attachments of longissimus capitis

A

TP upper thoracic & mid cervical vertebrae to base of skull (mastoid process of the temporal bone)

66
Q
  1. SPINALIS
    Where is it in the ES?
A

most medial column of ES group

67
Q
  1. SPINALIS
    attaches to ?
A

spinous processes of vertebrae

68
Q
  1. SPINALIS
    actions
A

extends trunk

69
Q

3 parts of spinalis

A
  1. spinalis thoracis
  2. spinalis cervicis
  3. spinalis capitis
70
Q

Spinalis thoracis attachments

A

SP low thoracic & upper lumbar vert to SP upper thoracic vert

71
Q

spinalis cervicis attachments

A

SP upper thoracic vert to SP cerv vertebrae

72
Q

Spinalis capitis is what?

A

medial portion of semispinalis capitis (attaches to base of skull)

73
Q

TRANSVERSOSPINALIS GROUP
Attaches to…?

A

from transverse processes of inferiorly to spinous processes superiorly (i.e. oblique orientation)

74
Q

What is the transversospinalis group deep to?

A

erector spinae group

75
Q

3 parts of transversospinalis group (superficial to deep)

A
  1. semispinalis
  2. multifidus
  3. rotatores
76
Q

what happens to the muscles of the transversospinalis group as we go deeper?

A

they get shorter

77
Q
  1. Semispinalis
    what layer of the group is it?
A

most superficial layer

78
Q
  1. Semispinalis
    Where is it not present?
A

lumbar region

79
Q
  1. Semispinalis
    Muscle fibres span…?
A

5-7 vertebral segments

80
Q
  1. Semispinalis
    Actions
A
  1. extends the trunk, neck, head
  2. contralaterally rotates the trunk, neck, head
81
Q
  1. Semispinalis
    3 parts
A
  1. semispinalis thoracis
  2. semispinalis cervicis
  3. semispinalis capitis
82
Q

Semispinalis thoracic attachments

A

low thoracic TP to low cervical & upper thoracic SP

83
Q

Semispinalis cervicis attachments

A

upper thoracic TP to mid cervical SP

84
Q

Semispinalis capitis attachments

A

upper thoracic & low cervical TP to skull

85
Q
  1. Multifidus
    Which layer of transversospinalis?
A

intermediate

86
Q
  1. Multifidus
    Muscle fibres span…?
A

2-5 vertebral segments

87
Q
  1. Multifidus
    Where is it found?
A

along the length of the whole VC

88
Q
  1. Multifidus
    Most inferior fibres attach to?
89
Q
  1. Multifidus
    Actions
A
  1. longer fibres
    - extend trunk & neck
    - contralaterally rotate trunk & neck
    - ipsilaterally laterally flex the trunk & neck
90
Q
  1. Multifidus
    Function
91
Q
  1. Multifidus
    Where is it most developed?
A

lumbar region

92
Q
  1. Rotatores
    Which layer of transversospinalis?
A

deepest layer

93
Q
  1. Rotatores
    Muscle fibres span…?
94
Q
  1. Rotatores
    Fibres length
A

long & short fibres

95
Q
  1. Rotatores
    Where is it most developed?
A

thoracic region

96
Q
  1. Rotatores
    where is it often absent?
A

cervical & lumbar regions

97
Q
  1. Rotatores
    Actions
A

contralateral rotation in thoracic region

98
Q
  1. Rotatores
    Function
99
Q

UNI-SEGMENTAL GROUP
1. Intertransversarii attachments

A

vertical fibres passing between adkacent transverse processes

100
Q

Intertransversarii
Where is it not present?

A

thoracic region

101
Q

Intertransversarii actions

A

a little bit of lateral flexion

102
Q

Intertransversarii function

103
Q
  1. Interspinales
    Attachments
A

vertical fibres passing between adjacent spinous processes

104
Q
  1. Interspinales
    Where is it not present?
A

thoracic region

105
Q
  1. Interspinales
    Actions
A

a little bit of extension (neck & lower vert)

106
Q
  1. Interspinales
    Function
107
Q

FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF BACK MUSCLES
Movers definition

A

to produce trunk, neck & head movements

108
Q

FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF BACK MUSCLES
Movers

A

Erector spinae, semispinalis, multifidus

109
Q

FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF BACK MUSCLES
Stabilisers definition

A
  • stabilise the trunk during limb movements
  • provide intersegmental stability
110
Q

FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF BACK MUSCLES
Stabilisers

A

Multifidus, rotatores, intertransversarii, interspinales

111
Q

FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF BACK MUSCLES
Proprioceptive feedback

A

Intertransversarii, interspinales (?), rotatores (?)

112
Q

FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF BACK MUSCLES
Protect Zygapophyseal joints

A

multifidus

113
Q

Dorsal root (and ganglion) contains…?

A

sensory axons (and cell bodies)

114
Q

Dorsal ramus supplies?

A

muscles of the back and overlying skin

115
Q

Ventral ramus supplies?

A

muscles of the trunk and limbs and the overlying skin (abs etc- ant)

116
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

sensory & motor acons

117
Q

Ventral root has what type of axons?

118
Q

How does the dorsal (posterior primary) ramus enter the back?

A

by passing through intertransverse ligament

119
Q

2 branches of the dorsal ramus

A
  1. lateral
  2. medial
120
Q

muscles the lateral dorsal ramus supplies

A
  1. iliocostalis
  2. longissimus
121
Q

Muscles the medial dorsal ramus supplies

A
  1. spinales, transversospinalis & unisegmental muscles
  2. Z jts- each jt receives supply from 2 dorsal rami

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