Topic 8 - A Question of Motivation Flashcards
motivation theories
specifically combine variables that predict when people are driven (or not) to behave (or not).
Motivation
encompasses what we choose to do (directing effort), how intensely we do it (mobilizing energy), and how long we keep it up (maintaining effort)
self-actualization
to become one’s best self
Self-determination theory (SDT)
posits three universal needs that must be fulfilled in order for people to function optimally
autonomy
relatedness
competence
autonomy
to feel they have choices and are free to decide what, when, and how to proceed, rather than being forced by rules, deadlines, or evaluation by others
relatedness
sense of being socially connected and accepted by others; this can take the form of wanting to fit in, following a desired role model, or participating in a broader, meaningful movement
competence
the need to accomplish an action with grace and achieve the desired outcome, as opposed to feeling uninformed, or not having the requisite skills or abilities to achieve success
amotivation
occurs when the environment stifles need fulfilment
intrinsic motivation
occurs when the environment is supportive. instinctive drive to engage on our own terms in situations that are novel, interesting, have value, and are challenging
extrinsic motivation
When people are extrinsically motivated, they conform to others’ expectations so as to obtain incentives (e.g., money or praise), even if the behaviours are inconsistent with their own values
Values Beliefs Norms (VBN) theory
Values influence beliefs, then beliefs activate personal norms, and it’s this activation of personal norms that is most directly related to behaviour
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
positions the intention to act as the most direct cause of actual behaviour, and posits that this intention depends on three psychological elements: attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioural control
Expectancy Theory (VIE)
a motivation theory that identifies perceived control as a critical feature of motivation, but defines it differently.
Control is a function of the belief that you have the ability to accomplish a particular action (recall self-efficacy), and the belief that doing so will lead to specific outcomes deemed good, valuable, or otherwise important.
valence
instrumentality
expectancy
valence
The extent to which an outcome is deemed “good, valuable, or otherwise important”
instrumentality
The extent to which one perceives a link between action and outcome
expectancy
The perceived relationship between effort and likelihood of successfully completing an action
Distributive justice
whether “outcomes” such as resources are allocated
fairly among people
equality
everyone should receive the same benefit or pay the same cost. Everyone, for instance, should have the same access to, receive the same amount of, or pay the same sum for a resource
equity
People believe a situation is equitable if their contributions and benefits are proportional to someone else’s. People who put in the most time, effort, or money should get the most in return.
Equity Theory
a sense of unfairness brings forth negative emotions and feelings of discomfort that lead us to seek change
Procedural Justice Theory
people are more likely to accept an outcome, even one that is lopsided or disadvantageous, if they believe the process used to get to it was fair
Interactional justice
being treated with dignity and respect, is especially
important for building trust in ongoing relationships
Goal Setting Theory
Goals are a desired end point or future state
Goals are extremely effective since they support all three features of motivation: directing our attention, regulating how much energy to put forth, and sustaining momentum over long periods of time
S.M.A.R.T
Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time-bound
