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PSYC 515 Psychological Science and the Environment > Topic 4 - How Psychology Can Help Save the Planet > Flashcards

Topic 4 - How Psychology Can Help Save the Planet Flashcards

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1
Q

Environmental Psychology

A

an interdisciplinary, scientific field that examines human interaction with the physical environment, broadly defined to include both natural and built settings and elements

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2
Q

Ecopsychology

A

a perspective that focuses more on the mental health aspects of the reciprocal relationship between human and nonhuman nature

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3
Q

Ecotherapy

A

expanded practice of psychotherapy that moves from offices and hospitals into gardens and wilderness settings, with the goal of helping people nurture a sense of connection to their natural surroundings; also involves taking clients’ anxiety about ecological problems seriously

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4
Q

Conservation Psychology

A

scientific study of the reciprocal relationships between humans and the rest of nature, with a particular focus on how to encourage conservation of the natural world

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5
Q

Scientist-practitioner model

A

rigorous research is accompanied by active application toward solving real problems

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6
Q

Human Ecology

A

combined expertise from many social science disciplines to address the interplay between humans and their varied environments

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7
Q

Psychology of sustainability

A

a collection of psychological insights relevant to, and perhaps crucial for, creating a more sustainable world

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8
Q

Theories

A

explanations about how things work,

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9
Q

Empiricism

A

the discovery of knowledge via systematic data collection

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10
Q

Type I error

A

to identify a result as real, or unlikely to be due to chance, when really there is no systematic pattern

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11
Q

Type II error

A

to overlook a phenomenon when it actually exists

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12
Q

Precautionary Principle

A

encourages avoiding potential risks to human and overall ecological health, even if scientific proof of harm has not yet been fully established

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13
Q

variables

A

the factors under study

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14
Q

operationalized

A

specifically defined in terms of how it is represented and measured

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15
Q

construct

A

theoretical variable

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16
Q

external validity

A

whether a study’s conclusions should be considered applicable to populations other than the one studied

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17
Q

hypotheses

A

predictions about the expected relationships among variables

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18
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observation of public behaviours as they naturally unfold

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19
Q

Interviews and focus groups

A

additional exploratory methods that allow researchers to move beyond inference to hear participants’ feelings, beliefs, and attitudes about a topic

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20
Q

Laboratory Experiments

A

The most highly controlled method of hypothesis testing in which the goal is to isolate a cause and effect relationship.

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21
Q

independent variables (IVs)

A

will impact the dependent variables (DVs), to be manipulated

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22
Q

dependent variables (DVs)

A

impacted by the independent variables (IVs), to be measured; reserved for experimental designs

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23
Q

constant

A

nothing else about the experience would vary between the two sets of participants

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24
Q

conditions

A

different versions of the IV

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25
Q

random assignment

A

every participant has an equal chance of ending up in any of the conditions

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26
Q

confounding variable

A

factor that varies between the conditions, and may actually be responsible for any observed differences (DV) between the two groups

27
Q

quasi-independent variables

A

created when it is not possible, either practically or ethically, to manipulate a causal variable, by identifying participants based on pre-existing characteristics

28
Q

interactions

A

Testing for interactions is one way that researchers can try to capture some of the complexity of behaviours as they occur in the real world

29
Q

simulations

A

developed to provide realistic experiences in the laboratory

30
Q

deception

A

temporarily misleading participants to create more realistic situations

31
Q

confederate

A

an actor hired by the experimenter to pose as another participant, a passerby, or some other pretend role

32
Q

debriefing

A

revealing and explaining the purpose of the deception to the participant after the experiment is over

33
Q

Correlational Studies

A

in which no independent variable is manipulated and there is no random assignment

34
Q

predictor variable

A

any hypothesized causal variable is called a predictor variable rather than an IV in correlational studies

35
Q

criterion variable

A

replaces dependent variables (DVs) in nonexperimental methods

36
Q

correlation

A

does not equal causation

37
Q

Field Experiments

A

occur in actual workplaces, schools, and public places with people going about their normal behaviour

38
Q

main effect

A

caused by the descriptive norm

39
Q

counterintuitive

A

the empirical evidence doesn’t gibe with common sense

40
Q

Quasi-Experiments in the Field

A

maximize realism by studying people in their real-world context, but are unable to conduct a true experiment (in which every possible variable in the situation is controlled and participants are randomly assigned to conditions)

41
Q

behavioural interventions

A

formal efforts to influence behaviour (e.g., training a new skill) in real-world contexts

42
Q

quantitative

A

employing operational definitions that convert human thoughts, feelings, and behaviours into numbers that can be statistically analysed

43
Q

central tendency

A

mean, median, and mode

44
Q

variability

A

standard deviation measured to determine “how typical is typical”

45
Q

outliers

A

those who are really different from anyone else who was measured, sometimes eliminated from further statistical analysis since keeping them in the data set can trick the statistics, masking a more general pattern

46
Q

Inferential statistics

A

used for understanding differences between groups,

and patterns among variables

47
Q

statistical significance

A

What are the odds that I would see this pattern in my sample of participants if no such pattern actually exists in the broader population of people (i.e., if the pattern were simply due to chance)? It is customary to consider a pattern statistically significant if those odds are less than five in 100.

48
Q

meta-analysis

A

used to assess the big picture, involves quantitative synthesis

49
Q

literature review

A

authors summarize and subjectively interpret large numbers of studies on the same topic

50
Q

effect sizes

A

labeled “small,” “medium,” or “large,” indicate which IVs (or predictors) are most influential, and to what extent they reliably predict a DV (or criterion)

51
Q

Meta-analytic summaries

A

used to update theory and can serve as the foundation for subsequent research

52
Q

reliable

A

yielding consistent results time after time

53
Q

valid

A

measuring what they are supposed to be measuring

54
Q

sensitive

A

considering differences among people

55
Q

psychometric properties

A

reliability, validity, and sensitivity

56
Q

New Ecological Paradigm

A

The most commonly used scale in conservation psychology. Captures people’s assumptions about the relationship between humans and the natural world, demonstrates acceptable reliability and predicts proenvironmental behavioural intentions

57
Q

Environmental Attitudes Inventory

A

designed to measure a diverse set of predictive constructs identified by previous research (including concepts originating in the New Ecological Paradigm)

58
Q

behavioural observation

A

actually watching and recording what people do

59
Q

self-report

A

to get at actual behaviour without the need for chronic surveillance of participants

60
Q

Problems with self-report measures

A

Participants aren’t always fully honest in self-reports because of the pressure they feel to give socially
desirable responses.
Participants may feel frustrated trying to communicate their behaviour quantitatively.

61
Q

Qualitative data

A

collected through surveys, interviews, and focus groups in which participants respond freely to open-ended questions

62
Q

interrater reliability

A

agreement between coders before the data analysis begins, should be high

63
Q

reductionistic

A

assumes that experience can be partitioned (reduced) into smaller elements and that we can understand people by studying individuals separated from each other, as well as from their communities, culture, and the rest of the natural world

PSYC 515 Psychological Science and the Environment (10 decks)

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