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Biology > Topic 8- > Flashcards

Topic 8- Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do DNA and RNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Stores genetic information

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3
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Copies and transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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4
Q

What is DNA and RNA made out of?

A

Monomers called nucleotides

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5
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of?

A

A pentose sugar- 5 Cs
A nitrogen-containing organic base
A phosphate group

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6
Q

What are the components of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose
Nitrogen-containing base: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
Phosphate group

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7
Q

How do nucleotides join and what are the bonds called?

A

Condensation reactions
Between phosphate group of one nucleotide and sugar of another
Phosphodiester bonds

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8
Q

What bases are pyrimidines and purines

A

pYrimidines- cYtosine and thYmine
purines- adenine and guanine

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9
Q

How many strands does DNA have?

A

2
Run opposite to each other in anti-parallel twisting to form a double helix

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10
Q

What holds the bases in each strand of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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11
Q

Complimentary base pairing

A

Adenine and Thymine
Guanine and Cytosine

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12
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does adenine form with thymine?

A

2

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13
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does cytosine form with guanine?

A

3

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14
Q

How is DNA a stable molecule?

A

1) Stable molecule- many H bonds, covalent bonds (phosphodiester bonds) in sugar-phosphate backbone

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15
Q

How is DNA a compact molecule?

A

Long- contain large amounts of coded information
Double helix- allows DNA to fit inside nucleus of cell

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16
Q

How does the structure of DNA relate to its function?

A

Complementary base pairing- allows identical copies as DNA replicates itself due to the weak H bonds separating
Precise genetic code- sequence of bases controls protein synthesis
Stable- bonds
Compact- long + double helix (large amounts of coded information is stored)

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17
Q

Structure of RNA

A

Ribose sugar
Phosphate group
Base- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (THYMINE NOT PRESENT)

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18
Q

Define semi-conservative replication

A

One strand is from the parental DNA
One has been synthesised from free-floating nucleotides

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19
Q

Describe semi-conservative replication

A

1) DNA helicase unwinds DNA double helix by breaking H bonds holding complementary bases to form 2 single strands to act as a template
2) Free nucleotides join onto complementary bases via complementary base pairing via H bonds
3) DNA polymerase joins nucleotides together to form a new polynucleotide strand
4) Phosphodiester bonds form between the sugar + phosphate group to form a sugar-phosphate backbone

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20
Q

Describe the structure of ATP

A

Adenine
Ribose
Three phosphate groups

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21
Q

What is ATP?

A

An immediate source of energy for metabolic reactions

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22
Q

How is ATP synthesised?

A

Condensation reactions
Between ADP and phosphate ion
ATP synthase
Requires an input of energy from a metabolic process

23
Q

How is ATP broken down?

A

Hydrolysis reaction
Between 2nd and 3rd phosphate group
ATP hydrolyse
Inorganic phosphate group is removed
Energy is released
ATP becomes ADP

24
Q

What are the 5 roles of ATP?

A

Active Transport
Exocytosis
Biosynthesis
Movement
Phosphorylation

25
Q

How is ATP used in active transport?

A

Energy is required for active transport as it moves substances across a concentration gradient
Protein pumps are also ATP hydrolase enzymes = catalyse breakdown of ATP into ADP and Pi = release energy that is used to change shape of molecule

26
Q

How is ATP used in biosynthesis?

A

Energy is needed to make large molecules (polymers) from small molecules (monomers)

27
Q

How is ATP used in phosphorylation?

A

ATP can transfer its phosphate group to other molecules to make them more reactive (lower activation energy)

28
Q

How is ATP used in exocytosis?

A

Energy is required to make vesicles synthesised by the Golgi body

29
Q

How is ATP used in movement?

A

Energy is required for muscle contraction

30
Q

Why is ATP a more useful immediate energy source?

A

ATP can be quickly hydrolysed into ADP and Pi/ Breakdown of glucose is complex and requires many steps
ATP is soluble = move around cell but cannot exit cell
Breakdown of ATP releases a small amount of energy/ Glucose releases more energy than required which can go to waste

31
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human cell?

A

23 homologous pairs

32
Q

Define diploid

A

The total number of chromosomes in a normal body cell

33
Q

What are chromatids?

A

One of the two threads of a chromosome

34
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Linear structures consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone protein

35
Q

How do chromatids become chromosomes?

A

Chromatids held together at the centromere (not visible)
Chromosomes condense as DNA coils around histone proteins (visible)

36
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

37
Q

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

38
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Cell prepares for DNA replication
Protein synthesis
Respiration

39
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

DNA/ Semi- conservative replication

40
Q

What happens during G2?

A

Checks DNA for errors (cell suicide)

41
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Chromatids condense as DNA wraps around histone proteins and become visible
Nuclear membrane breaks down

42
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down
DNA is free in nucleus
Chromosomes condense and become shorter
Centrioles divide and move to opposite poles of the cell
Spindle fibres form across the cell

43
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes move to the centre of the cell
Centromeres attach to the spindle fibres

44
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres contract separating sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

45
Q

What happens during Telophase and Cytokinesis?

A

Nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes
Chromosomes unwind and decondense (no longer visible)
Cytoplasm splits to form two identical daughter cells

46
Q

Formula for mitotic index

A

(number of cells in mitosis/ total number of cells) x 100

47
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary fission

48
Q

Describe binary fission

A

Replication of circular DNA and plasmids
Cell membrane grows between the two DNA loops
Cytoplasm divides
A new cell wall forms
Forms two identical daughter cells

49
Q

Why don’t viruses undergo cell division?

A

They are non-living

50
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Attach onto receptor site of host cell using attachment protein
Inject nucleic acid into host cell
Causes for production of viral components that are assembled into new viruses

51
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrollable growth and division of cells

52
Q

Why isn’t cancer detected?

A

Mutation of the p53 gene= no p53 protein made = p53 causes cell death = cell completes cell division

53
Q

What are the possible treatments for cancer?

A

Preventing DNA replication (using drugs)
Preventing spindle fibre formation (disrupt mitosis)

Biology (16 decks)

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