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Biology > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the heart made out of?

A

Cardiac muscle

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2
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

RS of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the body along the pulmonary artery to the lungs
LS of the heart sends oxygenated blood from the lungs along the aorta to the rest of the body

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3
Q

Why is it an advantage for the human heart to have two separate pumps?

A

Pressure of the blood drops when it enters the lungs
LHS of the heart generates more pressure so that the blood can travel through the body at a fast enough rate to generate metabolic rate.

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4
Q

Why does the cardiac muscle need a rich supply of blood?

A

More O2 and glucose
High rates of aerobic respiration (releases energy in the form of ATP)
More ATP is produced for heart muscle contraction

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5
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thick?

A

Because it needs to contract more to generate a higher pressure to pump the blood around the body than just to the lungs

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6
Q

What is the function of the valves?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

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7
Q

Define diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart muscles

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8
Q

How does blood flow in terms of pressure?

A

From a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure

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9
Q

What happens during diastole? (WB)

A

Heart muscles are relaxed
Atria fills with blood from vena cava and pulmonary vein
Blood travels from a region of higher pressure (outside) to lower pressure (atria)

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10
Q

What happens during atrial systole? (WB)

A

The atrial muscles contract = decrease volume = increases pressure = atrioventricular valves open = blood flows from atria at a higher pressure to the ventricles at a lower pressure

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11
Q

What happens during ventricular systole? (WB)

A

The ventricular muscles contract = decreases volume = increases pressure = atrioventricular valves close and semilunar valves open = blood flows from ventricles at a higher pressure to the arteries at a lower pressure

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12
Q

Why do the atrioventricular valves close during ventricular systole?

A

Pressure is greater in ventricles than atria
Blood flows from higher pressure to lower pressure- blood would flow back into atria

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13
Q

Cardiac output formula (with units)

A

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
dm3min-1 = cm3 x bpm

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14
Q

Define stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped out from one ventricle during each contraction

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15
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Total volume of blood pumped out from one ventricle per minute

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16
Q

How is the heart affected during exercise

A

HR + SV +CO all increase
Trained athletes hearts get bigger= >SV = >CO

17
Q

How is the cardiac cycle controlled? (WB)

A

A wave of electrical activity is sent out from SA node (cells in right atrium)
Impulses reach the AV node where it is delayed= allows atria to empty blood + ventricles fill with blood
Electrical impulses transmitted down to ventricles by Bundle of His = contain Purkyne fibres
Impulses spread up ventricle wall from base via Purkyne fibres = causing ventricles to contract from base upwards
Blood is forced into arteries

18
Q

Role of arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart at high pressures

19
Q

Role of artierioles

A

Control blood flow to capillaries
Vasoconstriction- small lumen, reduces
Vasodilation- large lumen, increases

20
Q

Role of veins

A

Carry blood to the heart at low pressures

21
Q

Role of capillaries

A

Exchange of materials between blood and body cells via diffusion

22
Q

How are the arteries adapted to their function?

A

Thick walls to withstand high pressure
Single layer of endothelium cells = reduces friction between blood and blood vessel walls
Lots of elastic tissue = stops the fluctuation in pressure of blood

23
Q

How are the arterioles adapted to their function?

A

Lots of muscle tissue
Single layer of endothelium

24
Q

What do veins contain?

A

Valves

25
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their functions?

A

Cell wall is made of single layer of endothelium cells- short diffusion pathway
Tiny pores- highly permeable for formation of tissue fluid
Large SA:Vol

26
Q

What is heart disease?

A

Build up of fatty acids (atheroma) in coronary arteries = narrows and reduces blood flow to heart = lack of 02 for heart muscle cells = build-up can lead to thrombosis = myocardial infraction (heart attack

27
Q

Risk factors for CHD

A

Genetics
Gender
Increasing Age
Smoking
High Blood Pressure
Diet

28
Q
A

Biology (16 decks)

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