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Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the structure of the cell surface membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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3
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains pores.
It contains chromosomes.
It contains one or more nucleolus.

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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the cell’s activities.
DNA codes for proteins.
The pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The nucleolus makes ribosomes.

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5
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

Double membrane
Inner membrane folds to form cristae.
Matrix is the gel-like fluid that contains DNA.
Contain DNA
Contain ribosomes

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Produces ATP from aerobic rerespiration.

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7
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Fluid-filled sacs that have ribosomes attached to them.

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8
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

Syntheis and transport of proteins made at the ribosome.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the ribosome?

A

Membrane-free
Made up of ribosomal RNA and proteins

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10
Q

What are the ribosomes in prokaryotic cells called?

A

70S ribosomes

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11
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

Responsible for protein synthesis.

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12
Q

What is the structure of the SER?

A

Fluid-filled sacs.

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13
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

Synthesises and transports lipids.

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14
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

A group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound sacs.

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15
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins into vesicles.
Modifies and processes proteins.
Forms lysosomes.

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16
Q

What is the function of a vesicle?

A

Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell.

17
Q

What is the structure of a lysosome?

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes, aka lysozymes.

18
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Digests invading cells and breaks down worn out components

19
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A

Surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi.
Plants and algae- cellulose
Fungi- chitin

20
Q

What are the 3 functions of cell membranes?

A

To control the transport of substances entering and leaving the cell- partially permeable
To act as a receptor site to recognise chemicals that need to enter the cell or organelles
To separate the cell from the environment + act as a barrier between organelles and the cytoplasm

21
Q

Describe the structure of a chloroplast

A

Double membrane
Stroma- fluid
Thylakoid membrane
DNA
70S ribosomes

22
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

Where photosynthesis occurs
Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and also have a large surface area to absorb more light
Stroma- contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis

23
Q

Why are viruses acellular?

A

They cannot undergo cell division

24
Q

What components do viruses contain?

A

Genetic material
Capsid
Attachment protein

25
Q

Define magnification

A

The number of times bigger the image appears to its actual size

26
Q

Define resolution

A

The minimum distance between two points in which they can be seen as separate

27
Q

Why do light microscopes have a low resolution?

A

Light has a long wavelength so has a low resolution

28
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a high resolution?

A

Electrons have a shorter wavelength than light

29
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope (electrons are transmitted through specimen)
Scanning Electron Microscope (electrons bounce off specimen)

30
Q

Compare TEM to SEM

A

TEM- higher resolution, requires thin specimen, produces black and white image
SEM- lower resolution than TEM, 3D image, shows the external image of the cell

31
Q

What are the advantages of using an electron microscope over a light microscope?

A

Higher resolution, higher magnification, more detailed images

32
Q

What are the advantages of using a light microscope over an electron microscope?

A

Produces coloured images, can view live specimens, simple preparation

33
Q

Describe the process of isolating organelles from a cell

A

Homogenise the sample- breaks apart cell membranes allowing for organelles to be released
Filter to remove cell debris
Add to an ice cold, isotonic and pH buffered solution
Centrifuge (spin at low speeds) the solution to produce a pellet of organelles- the denser organelles will be separated first

34
Q

Why does the solution need to be isotonic?

A

To prevent osmotic lysis of organelles

35
Q

Why does the solution need to be ice cold?

A

Stop lytic enzymes to prevent digestion of organelles

36
Q

Why does the solution need to be pH buffered?

A

Maintain constant pH to prevent denaturation of enzymes

Biology (16 decks)

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