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Botany > Topic 7 - The nutrient metabolism of plants; the effect of nutrient deficiency > Flashcards

Topic 7 - The nutrient metabolism of plants; the effect of nutrient deficiency Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrient compound of forages

A

Water

Drymatter

  • Organic matter
  • Inorganic matter
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2
Q

Organic matter

A 
Amino acids, proteins, amids
Sugars, carbohydrates
Different kind of fats
Fibers, cellulose, lignin
Antibiotics, antinutritive agents, vitamins
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3
Q

Inorganic matter

A

Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Toxic elements

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4
Q

Importance of macronutrients

A 
Ca, P - Bone development, muscle action
Mg - Muscle action, vascular structure
Na, K, Cl - Homeostais
Fe - Oxygen transfer
S - protein, wool, feather
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5
Q

Importance of micronutrients

A 
Cu – Haematogenesis, enzyme builder
I – Thyroid gland
Co – haematogenesis, B12 vitamin
F – bone, tooth enamel
Mn – enzyme builder, detoxification
Se – Antioxidant enzymes
Zn – feather, bone, enzyme builder
Mo – enzyme builder
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6
Q

Mineral nutrients

A

Mineral nutrients in soil can only be absorbed by plants and microbes

60 elements of the Earth’s crust are found in the plants

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7
Q

Essential elements

A

17 of them

Absence → deficiency symptoms, death

take part in metabolism

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8
Q

Classification

A

Based on function
Based on concentration
Based on deficiency symptoms

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9
Q

Function (classification)

A

Basic elements forming compounds (C, H, O, N)

Participate in cell’s energy services (P, B, Si)

Elements of cell’s water balance (K, Na)

In ion forms or binding to organic compound, co factor of enzymes

Participants of electron transport processes

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10
Q

Concentration (classification)

A

Macroelements
Mesoelements
Microelements

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11
Q

Deficiency symptoms (classification)

A

Can easily mobilise (N, P, K, Mg, Cl)

Transition (Species dependent)

Can hardly mobilise (B, Fe, Ca)

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12
Q

Necessity of nutrients

A

Nutrient content ≠ needs
Optimum ≠ accumulated
Liebig’s law of the minimum

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13
Q

Effect of pH for nutrients uptake in the soil

A

Quality of bedrock

H-ion absorption ability of mineral soil = soil buffer capacity

Determine the amount of absorbable nutrients for plants

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14
Q

Nutrients uptake

A 
Interception (root) 
Bulk flow
Diffusion (water) 
Apoplast
Synplast
Through the membrane
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15
Q

Nitrogen uptake (plants)

A

the most amount absorbed element (70%)

2-5% dry matter

Continous N-need

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16
Q

Role of nitrogen (plants)

A

Amino acids, amids, proteins, coenzymes

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17
Q

Nitrogen absorbed from (plants)

A

low pH: nitrate
High pH: ammonium
Excess: weak stem, spongy tissues

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18
Q

Nitrogen Deficiency (plants)

A

Chlorosis of low leaves
Smaller leaves
Root elongation
Stem: root ratio change

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19
Q

Nitrogen role (animals)

A

Pure protein, Amids, amid matters, amino acids, peptides, alkaloids

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20
Q

Nitrogen deficiency (animals)

A 
Decreased immunity 
Weakness 
Decreased weight
Osteoporosis
Anaemia
Disorders in GT
21
Q

Phosphorous uptake (plants)

A

pH < 7 : H2PO4(-)

pH > 7 : HPO4(2-)

22
Q

Phosphorous content in plant

A

0.1-0.3%

Also inorganic and organic forms
Stored Pi, in seeds: fiat - K/Mg form

23
Q

Phosphorous role (plants)

A

Sugar phosphates, nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, ATP

Phosphorylation-enzymes, activation of molecules, signal transduction

24
Q

Phosphorous deficiency (plants)

A

Disorder in fruit production

Hard leaves, slender stem

P good mobilised element

Late flowering

In cereals significantly decreased the seed weight

25
Q

Phosphorous (animals)

A

80% in bones, others in the soft tissues

Bones: P bind to Ca

Soft tissues: most of P are in organic bond while P forms of energy stores such as ATP, ADP

Important role in energy balance

26
Q

Phosphorous deficiency (animals)

A

Rachytis

Osteomalatia

Egg shell taper

Addmix: cereals

Sterility in cattle without any symptoms

27
Q

Potassium Uptake (plants)

A

Mobile K channels

Xylem transport with NO3-

28
Q

Potassium role (plants)

A

Electroneutralization, cytoplasm, pH (7-8) stability

Osmotic potential, water movement, turgor, regulation of membrane potential

Activate enzymes, stability of protein configuration

29
Q

Potassium deficiency (plants)

A

Turgor decreasing, wilted leaves

Decreasing production

Disorders in stomata movements

Decreasing tolerance against cold and insects

Good mobilized element

30
Q

Potassium role (animals)

A

Homeostasis
Na-K pump
Neuro transitional transport
Muscle metabolism

31
Q

Potassium deficiency (animals)

A 
Slow growth 
Reduces feed and water intake
Muscular weakness
Decreasing production (meat, egg) 
Vomiting, diarrhea
32
Q

Magnesium Uptake (plants)

A

Mg2+ form

Competition with K, Mg, Ca, and H-ions

33
Q

Magnesium content in plants

A

Pektate
Chlorophyll-Mg
60-90% soluble
0.3% dry matte

34
Q

Magnesium role in plants

A

pH stabilization, absorbed organic acids in Chlorophyll structure
activate phosphorylation processes
Ribosomes
RNA-biosynthesis

35
Q

Magnesium deficiency in plants

A

Inhibited chlorophyll synthesis
Chlorosis, necrosis
Stored sugar and starch in leaves
General disorders in metabolism

36
Q

Magnesium role (animals)

A 
Maintain isoionia
Enzyme activator (carboxyls)
Muscle development
Artery strengthen effect
Vasoconstructive effect
37
Q

Magnesium deficiency (animals)

A 
Grass tetany 
Muscle weakness
Neural problems 
Disorders in egg shell formation 
Diarrhea
38
Q

Sulfur uptake (plants)

A

Mainly in roots, in SO4(2-) form

39
Q

S content of plants

A

0.2-1.7%, species dependent

40
Q

Sulfur role in plants

A 
Amino acids (cys, Met), proteins, disulfide bridges
R-SH functional groups in enzymes
Allicins (allium)-bactericid
Glucozinolates (kale) –SCN release
Glutation
41
Q

Sulfur deficiency in plants

A

Similar to N deficiency
Retarded above ground parts
Yellow leaves
Red color in serious deficiency

42
Q

Sulfur role in animals

A

Connective tissue
Horn matters
Wool production
Enzymes; hormones

43
Q

Sulfur deficiency (animals)

A

Hair/feather dropping
Skin disorders
Decreased immunity
Arthrotomic vulnerability

44
Q

Calcium uptake in plants

A

Hardly pH dependent carbinate-bicarbonate buffer

Ca2+ form

45
Q

Calcium role in plants

A

Osmoregulation
Membrane stability
Secondary messenger
Protection against other toxic elements/agents

46
Q

Calcium deficiency in plants

A

Inhibited growing at young tissues
Bush/shrub form
Chlorosis
Dark skin-like patches in the fruits

47
Q

Calcium role in animals

A 
Skeletal formation
Blood clotting
Muscle contraction
Impulse conduction (enzyme activator)
Neuro transitional transport
Cardiac muscle working
48
Q

Calcium deficiency (animals)

A 
Disorders in growing and bone forming processes
Neural problems 
Tetany
Calcing paralysis
Hormonla dysfunction
49
Q

Micronutrient deficiencies in animals

A

Iron deficiency: porcelainpale of pigs

Manganese def.: pitching, paralysis expanded bone

Copper def.: kinkled hairs or lack of pigments of hairs in sheep

Botany (17 decks)

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