Topic 7 - The nutrient metabolism of plants; the effect of nutrient deficiency Flashcards
Nutrient compound of forages
Water
Drymatter
- Organic matter
- Inorganic matter
Organic matter
Amino acids, proteins, amids Sugars, carbohydrates Different kind of fats Fibers, cellulose, lignin Antibiotics, antinutritive agents, vitamins
Inorganic matter
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Toxic elements
Importance of macronutrients
Ca, P - Bone development, muscle action Mg - Muscle action, vascular structure Na, K, Cl - Homeostais Fe - Oxygen transfer S - protein, wool, feather
Importance of micronutrients
Cu – Haematogenesis, enzyme builder I – Thyroid gland Co – haematogenesis, B12 vitamin F – bone, tooth enamel Mn – enzyme builder, detoxification Se – Antioxidant enzymes Zn – feather, bone, enzyme builder Mo – enzyme builder
Mineral nutrients
Mineral nutrients in soil can only be absorbed by plants and microbes
60 elements of the Earth’s crust are found in the plants
Essential elements
17 of them
Absence → deficiency symptoms, death
take part in metabolism
Classification
Based on function
Based on concentration
Based on deficiency symptoms
Function (classification)
Basic elements forming compounds (C, H, O, N)
Participate in cell’s energy services (P, B, Si)
Elements of cell’s water balance (K, Na)
In ion forms or binding to organic compound, co factor of enzymes
Participants of electron transport processes
Concentration (classification)
Macroelements
Mesoelements
Microelements
Deficiency symptoms (classification)
Can easily mobilise (N, P, K, Mg, Cl)
Transition (Species dependent)
Can hardly mobilise (B, Fe, Ca)
Necessity of nutrients
Nutrient content ≠ needs
Optimum ≠ accumulated
Liebig’s law of the minimum
Effect of pH for nutrients uptake in the soil
Quality of bedrock
H-ion absorption ability of mineral soil = soil buffer capacity
Determine the amount of absorbable nutrients for plants
Nutrients uptake
Interception (root) Bulk flow Diffusion (water) Apoplast Synplast Through the membrane
Nitrogen uptake (plants)
the most amount absorbed element (70%)
2-5% dry matter
Continous N-need
Role of nitrogen (plants)
Amino acids, amids, proteins, coenzymes
Nitrogen absorbed from (plants)
low pH: nitrate
High pH: ammonium
Excess: weak stem, spongy tissues
Nitrogen Deficiency (plants)
Chlorosis of low leaves
Smaller leaves
Root elongation
Stem: root ratio change
Nitrogen role (animals)
Pure protein, Amids, amid matters, amino acids, peptides, alkaloids
Nitrogen deficiency (animals)
Decreased immunity Weakness Decreased weight Osteoporosis Anaemia Disorders in GT
Phosphorous uptake (plants)
pH < 7 : H2PO4(-)
pH > 7 : HPO4(2-)
Phosphorous content in plant
0.1-0.3%
Also inorganic and organic forms
Stored Pi, in seeds: fiat - K/Mg form
Phosphorous role (plants)
Sugar phosphates, nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, ATP
Phosphorylation-enzymes, activation of molecules, signal transduction
Phosphorous deficiency (plants)
Disorder in fruit production
Hard leaves, slender stem
P good mobilised element
Late flowering
In cereals significantly decreased the seed weight
Phosphorous (animals)
80% in bones, others in the soft tissues
Bones: P bind to Ca
Soft tissues: most of P are in organic bond while P forms of energy stores such as ATP, ADP
Important role in energy balance
Phosphorous deficiency (animals)
Rachytis
Osteomalatia
Egg shell taper
Addmix: cereals
Sterility in cattle without any symptoms
Potassium Uptake (plants)
Mobile K channels
Xylem transport with NO3-
Potassium role (plants)
Electroneutralization, cytoplasm, pH (7-8) stability
Osmotic potential, water movement, turgor, regulation of membrane potential
Activate enzymes, stability of protein configuration
Potassium deficiency (plants)
Turgor decreasing, wilted leaves
Decreasing production
Disorders in stomata movements
Decreasing tolerance against cold and insects
Good mobilized element
Potassium role (animals)
Homeostasis
Na-K pump
Neuro transitional transport
Muscle metabolism
Potassium deficiency (animals)
Slow growth Reduces feed and water intake Muscular weakness Decreasing production (meat, egg) Vomiting, diarrhea
Magnesium Uptake (plants)
Mg2+ form
Competition with K, Mg, Ca, and H-ions
Magnesium content in plants
Pektate
Chlorophyll-Mg
60-90% soluble
0.3% dry matte
Magnesium role in plants
pH stabilization, absorbed organic acids in Chlorophyll structure
activate phosphorylation processes
Ribosomes
RNA-biosynthesis
Magnesium deficiency in plants
Inhibited chlorophyll synthesis
Chlorosis, necrosis
Stored sugar and starch in leaves
General disorders in metabolism
Magnesium role (animals)
Maintain isoionia Enzyme activator (carboxyls) Muscle development Artery strengthen effect Vasoconstructive effect
Magnesium deficiency (animals)
Grass tetany Muscle weakness Neural problems Disorders in egg shell formation Diarrhea
Sulfur uptake (plants)
Mainly in roots, in SO4(2-) form
S content of plants
0.2-1.7%, species dependent
Sulfur role in plants
Amino acids (cys, Met), proteins, disulfide bridges R-SH functional groups in enzymes Allicins (allium)-bactericid Glucozinolates (kale) –SCN release Glutation
Sulfur deficiency in plants
Similar to N deficiency
Retarded above ground parts
Yellow leaves
Red color in serious deficiency
Sulfur role in animals
Connective tissue
Horn matters
Wool production
Enzymes; hormones
Sulfur deficiency (animals)
Hair/feather dropping
Skin disorders
Decreased immunity
Arthrotomic vulnerability
Calcium uptake in plants
Hardly pH dependent carbinate-bicarbonate buffer
Ca2+ form
Calcium role in plants
Osmoregulation
Membrane stability
Secondary messenger
Protection against other toxic elements/agents
Calcium deficiency in plants
Inhibited growing at young tissues
Bush/shrub form
Chlorosis
Dark skin-like patches in the fruits
Calcium role in animals
Skeletal formation Blood clotting Muscle contraction Impulse conduction (enzyme activator) Neuro transitional transport Cardiac muscle working
Calcium deficiency (animals)
Disorders in growing and bone forming processes Neural problems Tetany Calcing paralysis Hormonla dysfunction
Micronutrient deficiencies in animals
Iron deficiency: porcelainpale of pigs
Manganese def.: pitching, paralysis expanded bone
Copper def.: kinkled hairs or lack of pigments of hairs in sheep