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Botany > Topic 5 - The main tissues (regarding to nutrition value and digestibility) > Flashcards

Topic 5 - The main tissues (regarding to nutrition value and digestibility) Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

Determined as aggregations of morphologically, ontogenetically and functionally similar cells

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2
Q

Simple tissue

A

Tissue composed of a single cell type (ground tissues)

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3
Q

Complex tissue

A

Tissue composed of more than one cell type (vascular tissue)

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4
Q

Plant tissue systems

A

A functional unit of tissues – same functions but in different parts of the body, or in different growth stages

Meristematic
Permanet
o	Dermal tissue
o	Ground tissue
o	Vascular tissue
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5
Q

Meristematic cells

A

Differentiation → primary body (permanent tissues)

Tissues of the primary body → cells become meristematic again dedifferentiation → secondary meristems (e.g.: cutting the stem)

Secondary meristems → redifferentiation → secondary body (vascular tissue, repair wounds)

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6
Q

Meristems

A

Merizein (in greek) = to divide

Dividing, undifferentiated cells with isodiametric (equal in all directions) or fusiform shape

Thin cell wall, large plasma content and high metabolic activity

Initial cells (stem cells) → meristems → permanent tissues (primary body)

Dedifferentiation of permanent tissues can also produce meristems

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7
Q

Functions of meristems

A

Elongation and thickening of stem and roots

Production of lateral roots

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8
Q

Dermal tissues

A

Covers the external part of the plant

Generally one, but often multiple cell layers

Primary and secondary dermal tissues

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9
Q

Functions of dermal tissues

A

o Protection (against herbivores)
o Adsorption of water/minerals
o Water retention
o Gas exchange

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10
Q

Primary dermal tissue

A

Epidermis

Rhizodermis

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11
Q

Epidermis

A

Primary dermal tissue of stem an leaves

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12
Q

Epidermal cells + stomata

A

Tile-like cells with varied shape, no intercellular space and large vacuoles

For monocot species: cells with corks and silicic acid → roughness

The outer cell wall can be covered with cutine, wax or cork → deceasing digestibility

No chloroplastids

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13
Q

Stomata

A

Singular: stoma

Gas exchange, transpiration
Even 100-300 stomata/mm2
Subsidiary cell: water and ion reservoirs

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14
Q

Major stomata types

A

Amaryllis type
o bean shaped guard cells, in cross section they have triangular shape, with subsidiary cells – most common type, mainly in dicots

Grass type
o dumbbell shape guard cells

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15
Q

Epidermal appendages

A

Papillae
Trichromes
Emergences

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16
Q

Papillae

A

Protrusions of epidermal cells
Petal cells are rounded and soft, but for grass and sedge plant they are sharp and coarse (silicic acid, lignin) - irritation

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17
Q

Trichromes

A 
Single-celled or multicellular outgrowths  irritation, bezoars, rough texture  animals reluctant to eat
Increase water retention
Bristle hairs
Clinging hairs
Helps dispersal 
Glandular hairs – toxin excretion
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18
Q

Emergences

A

Dermal and ground tissues together

Prickles - protection, mechanical damage

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19
Q

Rhizodermis

A

Root epidermis

  • Primary dermal tissue of young roots
  • Major difference (in contrast with the epidermis): presence of root hairs and the absence of stomata, cuticle and chlorophylls
  • Absorb water and nutrients
  • Multiple cell layers are possible
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20
Q

Secondary dermal tissues

A

Secondary growth increase girth (thickness) → epidermis ruptures

A layer of cork cell produced of the cortex below the epidermis

Later cork layers multiplied (phellem) as a result of cell devision and produce the secondary dermal tissue (=periderm)

Accumulation of secondary metabolites in bark (tannic acid, glycosides)

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21
Q

Tertiary dermal tissue

A

Dermal tisses produced of the phloem

= rhytidome

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22
Q

Ground tissues

A

Parenchyma
Secretory tissues
Supporting or mechanical tissues

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23
Q

Parenchyma

A

The most abundant tissue with slightly differentiated cells

More specialized cells evolved from parenchyma: de- and redifferentiation → secondary tissues

Cells are isodiametric, have only primary wall, large vacuoles and prominent intercellular space

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24
Q

Function of parenchyma

A

Basic metbaolism
Storage
Aeration

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25
Q

Major types

A

Chlorenchyma
Storage parenchyma
Water storage parenchyma
Aerenchyma

26
Q

Chlorenchyma

A

Assimilatory parenchyma

Chloroplast containing parenchymal cells photosynthetic function
Palisade
Spongy

27
Q

Storage parenchyma

A

Large number of leukoplastids - fatty acids, starch, protein —> high nutritive value (food for animals)

28
Q

Water storage parenchyma

A

Tissues of succulent plants living in arid habitaits

Cells have thin wall, large vacuoles, and water is absorbed in the form of mucilage

29
Q

Aerenchyma

A

Parenchyma of water plants and species living in moist habitats

Enlarged intercellular cavities

Importance for the oxygen supply and gas exchange

Low nutrient value

30
Q

Secretory tissues

A

Intra- and extracellular secretion

Endogeneous and exogenous secretion

Thin walled cells with numerous nuclei, and many organelles

Excretion of secondary metabolites → favours pollinators, or a defence mechanism

31
Q

Intracellular secretion

A

Metabolites are secreted into vacuoles or cell wall

32
Q

Extracellular secretion

A

A group of cells secrete metabolites into the intercellular space

33
Q

Endogeneous secretion

A

Secretory cavities

Secretory ducts

  • For protection and to seal wounds (prevent insect and disease entry)
  • Resin ducts
  • Gum ducts
  • Latex vessels (laticifers)
34
Q

Exogeneous secretion

A

Secretion to epidermal surface through glands

Hydathodes
- Secretes water through pores (open water stoma)

Salt glands

Nectar glands (nectaries)
- Sugar-rich liquid with amino acids for pollinators
35
Q

Supporting or mechanical tissues

A

Providing mechanical strength to the growing organs

Differentiates usually from parenchyma cells with cell wall thickening

36
Q

Types of supporting or mechanical tissues

A

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma

37
Q

Collenchyma

A

Colla (in latin) = glue

Characteristic supporting tissue of your dicot plants

Cells are elongated and contain living cytoplasm

High tearing resistance → provides flexibility

Cells are considerably but unevenly thickened

38
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Scleros (in greek) = hard

Composed of dead cell with evenly thickened cell wall

Lignin is deposited into the walls → low digestibility

39
Q

Main cell types of sclerenchyma

A

Sclerenchyma fibers

Sclereids

40
Q

Sclerenchyma fibers

A

Extended cells often with tapering ends

Small cell lumen and thick wall

the longest plant cells

Economic value

41
Q

Sclereids

A

Occur scattered or in clusters

Non-elongated, isodiametric cells

Sclereids are variable in shape

42
Q

The vascular tissue system

A

Mosses - single transport cells (no thickening or lignification)

Vascular plant = vascular tissue

Complex tissue - conducting, parenchymal and sclerenchymal cells

43
Q

Xylem

A

Wood

Conducts water and mineral from the root to the leaves

Composed primarily of dead cells

44
Q

components in the xylem

A

Tracheids
Vessels
Wood parenchyma
Fibers

45
Q

Tracheids

A

Elongate dead cells with tapering ends

Typical in ferns and gymnosperms

Specific cell wall thickenings

46
Q

Vessels (xylem)

A

Consists of vessel elements

The wall is considerably thickened and lignified

Mainly in angiosperms

Vessel elements are short and broad → 10-20 cm size tubers or up to 2 m (oaks), or 5-10 (creepers)

47
Q

Wood parenchyma

A

The sole living cells of the xylem with a rectangular shape

Role: storage and secretion

48
Q

Fibers

A

Elongate cells with thick, lignified walls

49
Q

Phloem

A

Bark

Conducting sugars, composed primarily of living cells

50
Q

Component of Phloem

A 
Sieve cells
Sieve tubes
Companion cells 
Fibers
Phloem parenchyma
51
Q

Sieve cells

A

similar to Tracheids, narrow, elongated, angular cells

Connects to each other with piths

Typical in ferns and gymnosperms

52
Q

Sieve tubes

A

Consists of short and broad sieve-tube elements

Mainly in angiosperms

Longevity: 1-3 years

53
Q

Sieve plate

A

Interface between two sieve tube elements

54
Q

Companion cells

A

(albuminous cells)

Carry out all the metabolic functions of the sieve-tube elements

Regulate transport and metabolic processes

55
Q

Fibers

A

Elongate cells with thick, lignified walls (industrial fibers)

56
Q

Phloem parenchyma

A

Mainly food storage

57
Q

Vascular bundles

A 
Simple
Compound
Concentric
Collateral 
Bundle-sheath
58
Q

Simple vascular bundles

A

Xylem and phloem elements constitute separate bundles

59
Q

Compound vascular bundles

A

Bundles are composed of both xylem and phloem elements

60
Q

Concentric vascular bundles

A

Xylem and phloem elements form concentric rings in gross section

61
Q

Collateral vascular bundles

A

Bundles containing xylem and phloem adjoining each other side by side

62
Q

Bundle-sheath

A

Parenchymal or sclerenchymal ring around the vascular bundles

Temporary storage for nutrients, protection of bundles

Botany (17 decks)

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