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IGCSE Biology > Topic 7 Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Topic 7 Plant Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual:

  • two parents
  • offspring genetically different to parents

Asexual:

  • one parent
  • offspring identical to parents = clones
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2
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • genetic variation in population
  • species can adapt to new environments
  • less likely to be affected by a disease as a whole
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3
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • population can increase rapidly

- can exploit a suitable habitat quickly

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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • takes time + energy to find a mate

- not possible for isolated individuals

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • no variation in population
  • species only suited to one habitat
  • disease may affect all individuals in population
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6
Q

What are three examples of plants that reproduce asexually?

A
  • tubers (potatoes)
  • runners (strawberry plants)
  • bulbs (onions)
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7
Q

What is the male part of the flower?

A

Stamen

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8
Q

What is the female part of the flower?

A

Carpel

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9
Q

Where is the male gamete found and made?

A
  • pollen grain

- made in anther

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10
Q

Where is the female gamete found and where is it made?

A
  • ovule

- ovary

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11
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fusion of male + female gamete to produce a zygote (fertilised female gamete)

  • zygote undergoes cell division (by mitosis) + develops into an embryo (found in seed)
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12
Q

What is the function of petals?

A

Bright colours to attract insects

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13
Q

What is the function of the anther?

A

Produce male gametes (in pollen grains)

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14
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

Top of female part of flower which collects pollen grains

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15
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Bottom of female part of the flower

Produces female gametes (ovules)

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16
Q

What is the function of the nectary?

A

Produces sugary nectar to attract insects

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17
Q

What is the function of the sepals?

A

Protect unopened flower bud

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18
Q

What is the function of the stamen?

A

Male parts of flower consisting of anther held up on the filament

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19
Q

Artificial asexual in plants .. how does this occur?

A
  • humans cutting + planting branch elsewhere
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20
Q

What is pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

21
Q

What plants do insect pollination?

A

Sunflowers

Dandelions

Tulips

22
Q

What plants do wind pollination?

A

Hazel tree catkins

Rye grass

Sweet chestnut

23
Q

What are petals like in an insect / wind pollinated plant?

A
  1. Large + colourful (attract insects)

2. Small + not colourful (doesn’t need to attract insects)

24
Q

What is nectary / scent like in insect/wind pollinated flowers?

A
  1. Has one to attract insects

2. Doesn’t have one, doesnt need to attract insects

25
Q

What is the stigma (type and position) like in insect/ wind pollinated plants?

A
  1. Sticky -> pollen attaches from insects

2. Feathery -> latch pollen in the wind

26
Q

What is the stamen (position) like in insect/wind pollinated plants?

A
  1. Enclosed within flower -> insect must make contact

2. Exposed -> wind can easily blow pollen away

27
Q

What are pollen grains like in insect/wind pollinated plants?

A
  1. Barbed -> stick to insect bodies

2. Small + smooth + large quantities -> transported by wind

28
Q

What is self pollination and what is cross pollination?

A
  1. Pollen falls from anther to stigma of same flower

2. Pollen travels to different flower of same species (more variation)

29
Q

What are the methods plants use to encourage cross pollination?

A
  1. Stigma above stamen

2. Stigma + stamen mature at different times

30
Q

What happens once the pollen grain has arrived on a stigma?

A
  1. Grows pollen tube -> stimulated by chemicals secreted by stigma (sugars)
  2. Different flowers -> secrete diff chemicals -> only grows tube on own species
31
Q

Describe the route of the pollen tube and fertilisation

A
  1. Pollen tube grains down style
  2. Enzymes are secreted by the tip, which digests tissues of style
  3. Inside tube, male gamete travels to ovule
  4. When tube reaches ovule, male gamete enters thru micropyle (small hole)
  5. Pollen tube dissolves + pollen grain nucleus fuses w nucleus of female gamete (fertilisation)
  6. Zygote forms, cell division -> embryo
32
Q

After fertilisation : What does the fertilised ovule become?

A

Seed

33
Q

After fertilisation: What does ovary wall become?

A

Fruit

34
Q

After fertilisation: What do the other flower parts do?

A

Fall off

35
Q

What is a dormant seed?

A

No metabolic reactions occurring

36
Q

What do the contents of the ovule become?

A

Food store

37
Q

What does the ovule wall become?

A

Seed coat (testa)

38
Q

What is the importance of the seed food store?

A
  • energy
  • provides protein for growth
  • doesn’t need to photosynthesise
  • underground, so needs food store
39
Q

What is the importance of the testa?

A
  • protects embryo eg when eaten by animal

Testa is waterproof

40
Q

What is plumule?

A

Embryo shoot (inside seed)

41
Q

What is radicle?

A

Embryo root (inside seed)

42
Q

What is the importance of seed dispersal?

A
  • reduce competition between plants for space, light, water, nutrients eg nitrates
43
Q

What is germination?

A
  • process controlled by enzymes, in which a seed develops into a young plant
44
Q

When does germination end?

A
  • when shoot appears out of soil (as it can now photosynthesise)
45
Q

What allows germination to begin?

A
  1. Water
    - softens testa + allows it to split so shoot can exit seed
  • activates enzymes to start chemical reactions for growth
  1. Oxygen
    - needed as reactant in aerobic respiration to release energy so that seed can grow
  2. Suitable temperature
    - enzymes break down starch into glucose which is used during aerobic respiration to release energy for growth
46
Q

What do enzymes in the seed do?

A
  1. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose, and maltase breaks that down into glucose
    - which is used in aerobic respiration for growth
47
Q

Explain how you would do the practical investigating conditions for seed germination

A

5 boiling tubes

  1. Dry cotton wool, room temp, light + oxygen
  2. Moist cotton wool, room temp, in light + oxygen
  3. Moist cotton wool, room temp, in dark + oxygen
  4. Moist cotton wool, cold temp in fridge, in dark + oxygen
  5. Moist cotton wool, room temp, in light without oxygen
48
Q

What are results?

A

Those lacking water, suitable temp + oxygen wont grow

Ones in dark are yellow

IGCSE Biology (22 decks)

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