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Chemistry > Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A finite resource found in rocks

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2
Q

What is crude oil made from?

A

The remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud

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3
Q

What are most of the compounds in crude oil?

A

Alkane Hydrocarbons

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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5
Q

What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

What are the first four members of the Alkanes?

A

Methane, Ethane, propane and butane

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7
Q

What can hydrocarbons be separated into?

A

Fractions, each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms

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8
Q

What is the process called where hydrocarbons are separated into fractions?

A

Fractional distillation

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9
Q

What can the fractions be processed to produce?

A

Fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry

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10
Q

Give examples of fuels that can be produced from crude oil?

A

Petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases

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11
Q

Give examples of useful materials (feedstocks) that are produced by the petrochemical industry

A

Solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergent

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12
Q

Why is there a vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds?

A

Because of the ability of carbon atoms to form families of similar compounds

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13
Q

What do the properties of hydrocarbons depend on?

A

The size of their molecules

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14
Q

Give examples of properties of hydrocarbons

A

Boiling point, viscosity and flammability

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15
Q

What do the properties of hydrocarbons influence?

A

How hydrocarbons are used as fuels

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16
Q

What does the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels release?

A

Energy

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17
Q

What happens during the combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

The hydrogen and carbon in the fuels are oxidised

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18
Q

What does the complete combustion of hydrocarbons produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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19
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking hydrocarbons down to produce smaller, more useful molecules

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20
Q

What are the two methods of cracking?

A

Catalytic cracking and steam cracking

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21
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Alkanes and Alkenes

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22
Q

What is a good test for alkenes?

A

Bromine water test

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23
Q

Which is more reactive: alkanes or alkenes?

A

Alkenes

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24
Q

What colour does bromine water go when it reacts with an alkene?

A

Colourless

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25
Why is cracking useful?
There is a high demand for fuels with small molecules and so some of the products of cracking are useful as fuels
26
What are Alkenes used to produce?
Polymers and as starting materials for the production of many other chemicals
27
What is the structure of an alkene?
Alkanes are hydrocarbons with a double carbon – carbon bond
28
What is the general formula for the homologous series of Alkenes?
CnH2n
29
Why are alkene molecules unsaturated?
Because they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms
30
What are the first four members of the homologous series of Alkenes?
Ethene, propene, butene, pentene
31
What is the functional group of Alkenes?
C=C
32
What determines the reactions of organic compounds?
The generality of the reactions of functional groups
33
What happens when Alkenes undergo combustion?
They react with oxygen in combustion reactions in the same way as other hydrocarbons, but they tend to burn in air with smoky flames because of incomplete combustion
34
How do alkenes react with hydrogen, water and the halogens?
By the addition of atoms across the carbon – carbon double bond so that the double bond becomes a single carbon - carbon bond
35
What is the functional group of alcohols?
-OH
36
What are the first four members of a homologous series of alcohol?
Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol
37
What is the general formula for the homologous series of alcohols?
CnH2n+OH
38
What happens when alcohol react with sodium?
They produce a salt and hydrogen
39
What happens when alcohol is burned in air?
They form carbon dioxide and water
40
What happens when alcohol react with an oxidising agent?
- They produce carbon dioxide and water | - but can also be partly oxidised to form a carboxylic acid
41
What happens when alcohols are added to water?
They do not react with the water But small alcohol molecules dissolve in water to form a neutral solution
42
What are the uses of alcohols?
They are important raw materials used in manufacture of fuels, adhesive and solvents
43
How do you produce aqueous solutions of ethanol?
When sugar solutions are fermented using yeast
44
What is yeast?
A micro organism used to help fermentation by breaking down sugar in the absence of oxygen
45
What is the alcohol produced by fermentation used for?
Making alcoholic drinks
46
What can the carbon dioxide produced by fermentation be used for?
To make bread rise
47
What are the best conditions for fermentation?
- 25 to 50°C - lots of water - absence of oxygen
48
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
-COOH
49
What are the first four members of a homologous series of carboxylic acids?
Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid
50
What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?
They form weak acidic solutions
51
What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?
They form carbon dioxide
52
What happens when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?
They form esters
53
Why are carboxylic acids considered weak acids?
Backseat they only partially dissociate into H+ ions
54
What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?
CnH2n+1COOH
55
How can Alkenes be used to make polymers?
By addition polymerisations
56
Give examples of polymers made from Alkenes
Poly(ethene) and poly(propene)
57
What happens in addition polymerisation reactions?
Many small molecules (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers)
58
In addition polymers why does the repeating units have the same atoms as the monomer?
Because no other molecule is formed in the reaction
59
What does condensation polymerisation involved?
Monomers with two functional groups
60
What happens when monomers with two functional groups react?
They join together, usually losing small molecules such as water, so the reactions are called condensation reactions
61
How are the simplest polymers produced?
From two different monomers with two of the same functional group on each monomer
62
How do amino acid’s react?
By condensation polymerisations to produce polypeptides
63
Why do amino acid reacts by condensation polymerisation?
Because they have two different functional groups in a molecule
64
Give examples of a condensation polymerisations reaction of amino acid‘s
Glycine -> polypeptide + water
65
Give the symbol equation for the amino acid condensation polymerisation reaction?
H2NCH2COOH -> (-HNCH2COO-) + nH2O
66
How are proteins produced?
Different amino acid can be combined in the same chain to produce proteins
67
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
68
What is DNA?
Large molecule essential for life that encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses
69
What are most DNA molecules made up of?
Two polymer chains, made from four different monomers called nucleotides, in the form of a double helix
70
Give examples of other naturally occurring polymers that are important for life?
Starch, proteins and cellulose

Chemistry (11 decks)

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