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Chemistry > Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A finite resource found in rocks

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2
Q

What is crude oil made from?

A

The remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud

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3
Q

What are most of the compounds in crude oil?

A

Alkane Hydrocarbons

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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5
Q

What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

What are the first four members of the Alkanes?

A

Methane, Ethane, propane and butane

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7
Q

What can hydrocarbons be separated into?

A

Fractions, each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms

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8
Q

What is the process called where hydrocarbons are separated into fractions?

A

Fractional distillation

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9
Q

What can the fractions be processed to produce?

A

Fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry

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10
Q

Give examples of fuels that can be produced from crude oil?

A

Petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases

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11
Q

Give examples of useful materials (feedstocks) that are produced by the petrochemical industry

A

Solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergent

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12
Q

Why is there a vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds?

A

Because of the ability of carbon atoms to form families of similar compounds

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13
Q

What do the properties of hydrocarbons depend on?

A

The size of their molecules

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14
Q

Give examples of properties of hydrocarbons

A

Boiling point, viscosity and flammability

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15
Q

What do the properties of hydrocarbons influence?

A

How hydrocarbons are used as fuels

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16
Q

What does the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels release?

A

Energy

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17
Q

What happens during the combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

The hydrogen and carbon in the fuels are oxidised

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18
Q

What does the complete combustion of hydrocarbons produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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19
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking hydrocarbons down to produce smaller, more useful molecules

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20
Q

What are the two methods of cracking?

A

Catalytic cracking and steam cracking

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21
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Alkanes and Alkenes

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22
Q

What is a good test for alkenes?

A

Bromine water test

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23
Q

Which is more reactive: alkanes or alkenes?

A

Alkenes

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24
Q

What colour does bromine water go when it reacts with an alkene?

A

Colourless

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25
Q

Why is cracking useful?

A

There is a high demand for fuels with small molecules and so some of the products of cracking are useful as fuels

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26
Q

What are Alkenes used to produce?

A

Polymers and as starting materials for the production of many other chemicals

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27
Q

What is the structure of an alkene?

A

Alkanes are hydrocarbons with a double carbon – carbon bond

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28
Q

What is the general formula for the homologous series of Alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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29
Q

Why are alkene molecules unsaturated?

A

Because they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms

30
Q

What are the first four members of the homologous series of Alkenes?

A

Ethene, propene, butene, pentene

31
Q

What is the functional group of Alkenes?

A

C=C

32
Q

What determines the reactions of organic compounds?

A

The generality of the reactions of functional groups

33
Q

What happens when Alkenes undergo combustion?

A

They react with oxygen in combustion reactions in the same way as other hydrocarbons, but they tend to burn in air with smoky flames because of incomplete combustion

34
Q

How do alkenes react with hydrogen, water and the halogens?

A

By the addition of atoms across the carbon – carbon double bond so that the double bond becomes a single carbon - carbon bond

35
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

36
Q

What are the first four members of a homologous series of alcohol?

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol

37
Q

What is the general formula for the homologous series of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+OH

38
Q

What happens when alcohol react with sodium?

A

They produce a salt and hydrogen

39
Q

What happens when alcohol is burned in air?

A

They form carbon dioxide and water

40
Q

What happens when alcohol react with an oxidising agent?

A
  • They produce carbon dioxide and water

- but can also be partly oxidised to form a carboxylic acid

41
Q

What happens when alcohols are added to water?

A

They do not react with the water But small alcohol molecules dissolve in water to form a neutral solution

42
Q

What are the uses of alcohols?

A

They are important raw materials used in manufacture of fuels, adhesive and solvents

43
Q

How do you produce aqueous solutions of ethanol?

A

When sugar solutions are fermented using yeast

44
Q

What is yeast?

A

A micro organism used to help fermentation by breaking down sugar in the absence of oxygen

45
Q

What is the alcohol produced by fermentation used for?

A

Making alcoholic drinks

46
Q

What can the carbon dioxide produced by fermentation be used for?

A

To make bread rise

47
Q

What are the best conditions for fermentation?

A
  • 25 to 50°C
  • lots of water
  • absence of oxygen
48
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

49
Q

What are the first four members of a homologous series of carboxylic acids?

A

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid

50
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

They form weak acidic solutions

51
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

They form carbon dioxide

52
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?

A

They form esters

53
Q

Why are carboxylic acids considered weak acids?

A

Backseat they only partially dissociate into H+ ions

54
Q

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

55
Q

How can Alkenes be used to make polymers?

A

By addition polymerisations

56
Q

Give examples of polymers made from Alkenes

A

Poly(ethene) and poly(propene)

57
Q

What happens in addition polymerisation reactions?

A

Many small molecules (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers)

58
Q

In addition polymers why does the repeating units have the same atoms as the monomer?

A

Because no other molecule is formed in the reaction

59
Q

What does condensation polymerisation involved?

A

Monomers with two functional groups

60
Q

What happens when monomers with two functional groups react?

A

They join together, usually losing small molecules such as water, so the reactions are called condensation reactions

61
Q

How are the simplest polymers produced?

A

From two different monomers with two of the same functional group on each monomer

62
Q

How do amino acid’s react?

A

By condensation polymerisations to produce polypeptides

63
Q

Why do amino acid reacts by condensation polymerisation?

A

Because they have two different functional groups in a molecule

64
Q

Give examples of a condensation polymerisations reaction of amino acid‘s

A

Glycine -> polypeptide + water

65
Q

Give the symbol equation for the amino acid condensation polymerisation reaction?

A

H2NCH2COOH -> (-HNCH2COO-) + nH2O

66
Q

How are proteins produced?

A

Different amino acid can be combined in the same chain to produce proteins

67
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

68
Q

What is DNA?

A

Large molecule essential for life that encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses

69
Q

What are most DNA molecules made up of?

A

Two polymer chains, made from four different monomers called nucleotides, in the form of a double helix

70
Q

Give examples of other naturally occurring polymers that are important for life?

A

Starch, proteins and cellulose

Chemistry (11 decks)

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