Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards
How does pressure increase affect equilibrium?
Moves to where there are fewer molecules of gas to reduce pressure
How does concentration affect equilibrium?
If the conc of product goes up, reactants reduced
Properties of shirt hydrocarbons
Less viscous, lower bpt, more flammable
What is LPG and where do you find it in fractional distillation?
Liquid petroleum gas. Found At the top(it’s still a gas)
From top to bottom, what are the fractions in fractional distillation?
LPG, petrol, kerosene, Diesel, heavy fuel oil, bitumen
Where in fractional distillation are the longest hydrocarbons?
Bottom
How do you catalytically crack crude oil?
Vaporise hydrocarbons, pass over hot aluminium oxide powder and split on the Aluminium oxide powder
How do you crack hydrocarbons with steam?
Vaporise, add steam and heat w/ high temp
What does unsaturated mean?
Has a double bond
Which are more reactive? Alkenes or alkanes?
Alkenes; they have a double bond
General formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
First four alkenes?
Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene
What happens when an alkene combusts in normal air?
Incomplete combustion; Forms smoky yellow flame
What kind of bond do alkanes have?
Single covalent bonds
How do you test for alkenes?
Orange bromine water turns clear
What are polymers?
Lots of monomers joined in a chain
What are monomers?
Molecules that can be joined in a chain
What is an addition polymer?
Polymers made out of unsaturated monomers
What defines an alcohol?
O-H bond
Alcohol properties?
Flammable
Do complete combustion in air
Neutral pH
Soluble in water
What are the first four alcohols used for?
Fuels
How can you get a carboxylic acid from alcohol?
Oxidise it with oxygen
If you oxidise propanol with oxygen, what do you get?
Propanoic acid
What can alcohols dissolve?
Oil, hydrocarbons
Most things water can’t dissolve
How is ethanol made from fermentation?
Enzyme in yeast (catalyst) turning sugar into ethanol
What are the optimum conditions for fermented ethanol?
37 degrees
Slightly acidic
Anaerobic conditions
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
C=O-OH
Why are carboxylic acids dissolved in water weak?
Not all acid molecules ionises and release H+
How are Esters made?
Alcohol + carboxylic acid (w/ acid catalyst)
What is the Ester functional group?
COO
How is condensation polymerisation different from addition?
Two products are made: a polymer and a small molecule
What kind of monomers can be used in condensation polymerisation?
Two with same functional group
Or
One type w/ 2 diff functional groups
What two groups do amino acids have?
Amino and carboxyl
What are proteins?
One or more long chains of polypeptides
What is a polypeptide?
Polymer of amino acids made via condensation polymerisation
What are nucleotides?
Polymers of bases
What is the structure of DNA?
Two polymer chains (nucleotides) joined by cross linked bases
What do sugars contain?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
How does sugar create carbohydrates?
Polymerisation forms large carbohydrate polymers
How do you make alcohol?
React steam with an alkene over a catalyst
What is hydrogenation?
Reacting hydrogen with an unsaturated carbon over a catalyst
How do you name a polymer?
Put poly(monomer)
If you oxidise an alcohol what do you get?
Carboxylic acid
