Topic 7 - Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
Hypoglycemia - Autonomic features
A
- Diaphoresis
- Hunger
- Tingling in the mouth
- Tremor
- Tachycardia
- Pallor
- Palpitations
- Anxiety
2
Q
Hypoglycemia - neurological features
A
- Lethargy, behavioural changes, headache, visual disturbance, slurred speech, dizziness, ALOC, seizures, coma
- NOTE - chronic poorly controlled diabetics may be relatively hypoglycemic despite having a BGL >4mmol/L
3
Q
Hyperglycemia - DKA characteristics
A
- Hyperglycemia
- Ketosis
- Metabolic acidosis
4
Q
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome characteristics
A
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyperosmolarity
- Severe dehydration
5
Q
HHS versus DKA
A
HHS is caused by relative insulin deficiency whereby sufficient insulin is produced to limit ketone production. It is most commonly seen in older patients with type II diabetes,
6
Q
Hyper/poglycemia causes
A
6 I’s:
- Ignorance
- Infection
- Ischemia (cardiac)
- Infarct (cerebral)
- Intoxication
- Impantation
7
Q
Hyperglycemia management
A
- 12-lead
- IV access
- IV fluids
- O2
If hyperkalemia is indicated by ECG consider:
- Calcium gluconate
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Salbutamol
8
Q
Glucagon (pharmacology)
A
- Mobilizes hepatic glycogen and releases as glucose in systemic circulation
9
Q
Glucagon (Indications)
A
- Symptomatic hypoglycemia (with inability to administer oral glucose)
10
Q
Glucagon (Contraindications)
A
- KSAR or hyposensitivity to glucagon
11
Q
Glucagon (Precautions)
A
- Nil
12
Q
Glucagon (Side effects)
A
- None
13
Q
Glucagon (Onset and half-life)
A
Onset: 4-7 minutes
Half-life: 3-5 minutes
14
Q
Glucose gel (Indcations)
A
- Symptomatic hypoglycemia
15
Q
Glucose Gel (Contraindications)
A
- Unconcious
- Difficulty swallowing
- Patients <2 years
