Topic 7 - Demography Flashcards
Factors that affect the size of the population
- Births
- Deaths
- Immigration
- Emigration
1801 Population
- 10.5 million
1901 Population
- 37 million
2015 Population
- 65 million
2031 Population
- Estimated 71 million
Birth rate
- The number of live births per one thousand of the population per year
Birth rate
- 1900 = 28.7
- 2014 = 12.2
Total fertility rate
- Average number of children women will have during their fertile years
- 1964 = 2.93 children per woman
- 2020 = 1.58 children per woman
- 2021 = 1.61 children per woman
What do the fertility and birth rates reflect
- More women are remaining childless than in the past
- Women are postponing having children
Reasons for the decline in birth rate
- Changing position of women
- Decline in infant mortality rate
- Children are now an economic liability
- Child centeredness
Changing position of women (BR)
- Legal equality with men including the right to vote
- Increase in educational opportunities = girls now do better than boys
- More women in paid employment, Equal Pay Act 1970 and Sex Discrimination Act 1975
- Changes in attitudes toward women’s role
- Easier access to divorce
- Access the abortion and reliable contraception = women get more control over their fertility
HARPER (2012) - Changing positions of women
- Education of women has been the most significant factor which triggered a change in mindset for women = reject traditional female roles and pursue education/careers = delaying childbirth or opting to not having children at all
- E.g., 2012 1 in 5 women aged 45 were childless
- Low fertility lasts one generation it is carried through to the next = small family size becomes normal
Decline in infant mortality rate (BR)
- The number of infants who dies before their first birthday, per thousand babies born alive, per year
- HARPER fall in IMR = fall in birth rate
- 1900 IMR = 150
- 1950 IMR = 31
- 2021 IMR = 4
Reasons for the decrease in IMR
- Improved housing and better sanitation
- Better nutrition
- Better knowledge of hygience, child health, and welfare
- A fall in the number of married women working may have improved health
- Improved services for mothers and children
Medical reasons for the decrease in IMR
- Mass immunisation against whooping cough, diphtheria, and measles
- Antibiotics
- Improved midwifery and obstetric techniques
A03 Infant Mortality Rates
- Fall in IMR did not lead to a decline in the birth rate
- BRASS and KABIR trend in small families did not start in rural areas where the IMR first began to fall, but in urban areas where the IMR remained higherfor longer
Children are now an economic liability (BR)
- Late 19th century = children were economic assets because they were sent to work and earned an income
They are now seen as a liability: - Laws banning child labour, compulsory schooling and raising the school age means children remain dependent for longer
- Changing norms about what children have a right to expect from their parents in material terms means that the cost of bringing up a child has risen (£227,000 by the time the child reaches their 21st birthday)
- Parents choose to have smaller families as they are less likely to afford bigger ones
Child centeredness (BR)
- Society is now socially constructed
- “quantity” to “quality” parents now have fewer children and have more attention from their parents and greater resources
Future trends in birth rates
- Birth rates, fertility rates, and family sizes has decreased
- Slight increase in the mid 2000’s (immigration = mothers from outside of the UK have a higher fertility rate)
- Babies born to mothers outside of the UK accounted for 25% of all births in 2011
Changes in the number of babies born per year affecting society
- The family
- Dependency ratio
- Public services and policies
The family (impact of BR)
- Smaller families = more women more likely to go our and creating dual-earner households
- Better off couples may have larger families as they can financially support them better
The dependency ratio (impact of BR)
- The relationship between the size of the working population and the size of the non-working part of the population
- Earnings, savings, and taxes of the working population support the dependent population
- Children make up a large part of the dependency population, so a fall in birth rate reduced the “burden of dependency” on the working population
- In the long run, fewer births = fewer young adults and a smaller working population = “burden of dependency” decreases again
Public services and policies (impact of BR)
- Lower birth rate has consequences for public services
- E.g., fewer schools and maternity and child health services are needed
- Affects the costs of maternity and paternity leave and the types of houses that need to be built
- Political decisions = instead of reducing schools could have smaller class sizes
- An ageing population = Women having fewer babies = average age of the population is rising = more old:young people
Death rate
- The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
- 1900 = DR 19
- 2011 = DR 8.7
- 2020 = DR 10.3
- TRANTER over 3/4 of the decline in the DR from 1850-1970 was to the fall in deaths from infectious diseases, e.g., TB
- Replaced by “diseases of affluence” as the amin cause of death = diseases caused by wealth such as heart disease and cancer (affect middle aged people the most)
Reasons for decline in death rate
- Improved nutrition
- Medical improvements
- Smoking and diet
- Public health measures
- Other social changes
Improved nutrition (DR)
- MCKEOWN argue that improved nurtition accountef for over half the reduction in death rates (particularly TB)
- Better nutrition means there was increased resistance to infection and increased the survival rates of those who did get infected
A03 Improved nutrition (DR)
- This not not explain why women, who recieved the smallest share of food, lived longer than males
- Fails to explain why some deaths from infectious diseases rose at the time nutrition improved, e.g., measles
Medical improvements (DR)
- Advances in medical techniques and procedures, such as:
- Blood transfusions
- Antibiotics
- Improved maternity care
- 1948 setting up NHS
- By-pass surgery
Smoking and diet (DR)
- HARPER argues decrease in DR in recent times has not been down to medical improvements but from not smoking
- 21st century = obesity replaced smoking as new lifestyle epidemic, e.g., 2012 1/4 of UK adults were obese
- May be moving into an “American” health culture where obesity levels are high but long lifespan is achieved through the use of costly medication
Public health measures (DR)
- Improvements in housing
- Purer drinking water
- Laws to combat the adulteration of food
- Pasteurisation of milk
- Improved sewage methods
- Clean air act reduced air pollution
Other social changes (DR)
- Decline of dangerous manual occupations such as mining
- Smaller families reduced the rate of transmission of infection
- Greater public knowledge about the causes of illness
- Higher incomes = healthier lifestyle