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Biology > Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control And Homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control And Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are sent in the blood

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2
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Produces many hormones which act on other glands that then release hormones e.g. progesterone

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3
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine, which regulates metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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4
Q

What hormone does the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen

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5
Q

What hormone does the testes produce?

A

Testosterone - controls puberty and sperm production in men

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6
Q

What hormone does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin, which is used to regulate blood glucose (sugar) levels

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7
Q

What hormone does the adrenal glands produce?

A

Adrenaline, which is used in the ‘flight or fight’ immune response

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8
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Endocrine glands. These are various different glands that hormones are produced in

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9
Q

What are neurones and what do they do?

A

Neurones have a very fast response to stimuli, last for a short time and act on a precise area

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10
Q

What are hormones and what do they do?

A

Hormones have a slower response, but act for a longer period of time than a neurone response does. They do not have a specific target in the body, and act on a more generalised way

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11
Q

If the response if quick, what is the response most likely to be?

A

Nervous response with neurones

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12
Q

If the response lasts for a long time, what is it most likely to be?

A

Hormonal - e.g. ‘fight or flight’ from adrenaline, adrenal glands

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13
Q

What does adrenaline prepare you for?

A

The ‘fight or flight’ immune response

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14
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Above the kidneys

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15
Q

Hormone release can be affected by what kind of feedback?

A

Negative feedback

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16
Q

What are the four stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

Stage 1: when menstruation starts

Stage 2: the uterus lining is repaired

Stage 3: an egg develops and is released

Stage 4: the lining is then maintained

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17
Q

What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Oestrogen
LH (luteinising hormone)
Progesterone

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18
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Released by the pituitary gland
Causes a follicle (egg and surrounding cells) to mature in an ovary
Simulates oestrogen production

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19
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Released by the ovaries
Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
A high level stimulates an LH surge

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20
Q

What does LH do?

A

Released by the pituitary gland
The LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14 - the follicle ruptures and the egg is released
Stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop into a structure called a corpus luteum - which secretes progesterone

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21
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Released by the corpus luteum after ovulation
Maintains the lining of the uterus
Inhibits the release of FSH and LH
When the levels of progesterone falls, and there’s a low oestrogen level, the uterus lining breaks down
A low progesterone levels allows FSH to increase, and then the whole cycle starts again

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22
Q

What is ART?

A

Assisted Reproductive Technology

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23
Q

What is clomifene therapy?

A

Women who do not ovulate / do not ovulate regularly can take a drug called clomifene

This causes more FSH and LH to be released by the body, which stimulate egg maturation and ovulation.

This gives women a better chance of conceiving naturally

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24
Q

What is IVF, and what does it stand for?

A

IVF = “In Vitro Fertilisation”

IVF collects eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilising them outside the uterus using the man’s sperm

They are grown into embryos, and implanted back into the uterus in hope that they will implant and grow further

FSH and LH are given before egg collection so that more than one egg can be collected

25
Q

How can hormones be used as contraceptives?

A

For example, oestrogen can be used to prevent the release of an egg. If oestrogen is taken every day to keep the levels permanently high, then it inhibits the production of FSH and after a while, egg production stop and stay stopped

Progesterone can also be used. E.g. stimulating the thickening of cervical mucus, which stops sperm from entering the uterus and fertilising an egg

26
Q

Which contraceptive methods are usually more effective:

Physical or hormonal?

A

When used correctly, hormonal methods are generally more effective as contraception never needs to be considered

However, hormonal methods can have some side effects, such as headaches, acne and mood swings

Hormonal methods do not protect agains STI’s - condoms are the only form of contraception that do this

27
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment, such as temperature, blood glucose and water content

28
Q

Give three examples of how homeostasis is carried out

A

Osmoregulation (water content)
Thermoregulation (temperature)
Blood glucose (blood sugars)

29
Q

What controls blood glucose concentration?

A

Insulin and glucagon

30
Q

If the blood glucose is too high, what is added into the blood stream?

A

Insulin

31
Q

If the blood glucose is too low, what is added to the blood stream?

A

Glucagon

32
Q

What is type 1 diabetes caused by?

A

A lack of insulin

The pancreas produces little to no insulin. This causes blood glucose levels to rise which can kill them

33
Q

Can type 1 diabetes be cured? How can it be maintained?

A

Type 1 diabetes cannot be cured

It can be maintained by injecting insulin into the blood, and this is often done at mealtimes to make sure that the glucose is removed from the body quickly once the food has been digested

34
Q

What is type 2 diabetes caused by?

A

A resistance to insulin

The pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when someone becomes resistant to insulin. In both cases, it causes their blood glucose levels to rise

35
Q

What kind of correlation is there between obesity and type 2 diabetes?

A

A positive correlation - this means that obese people have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes

36
Q

How can you calculate BMI?

A

BMI = weight (kg / (height, m) ^2

^2 = squared

37
Q

What BMI does someone have to have in order to be classified as obese?

A

30 or over

38
Q

Is BMI accurate?

A

BMI is not always accurate, as someone with a high muscle mass could be seen as overweight, even through they have little body fat.

39
Q

What is a more accurate way of determining obesity?

A

Waist : hip ratio

40
Q

How do you work out the wait : hip ratio?

A

waist circumference (cm) / hip circumference (cm)

41
Q

Using the waist : hip ratio, what values for men and women are considered to put them at a risk of type 2 diabetes?

A
  1. 0 for men

0. 85 for women

42
Q

How can diabetes be controlled?

A

By eating a healthy diet, regularly exercising, losing weight

Some people may also require medication and insulin injections

43
Q

What controls body temperature?

A

The hypothalamus

44
Q

What happens when you are too hot?

A

The erector muscles cause hairs lie flat on the skin

Sweat is produced which evaporates and takes away heat energy, cooling you down

Blood vessels close to the surface dilate (vasodilation). It allows more blood to flow near the surface so it can transfer more energy into the surroundings, which cools you down

45
Q

What happens when you are too cold?

A

Erector muscles causes hairs to stand up which traps an insulating layer of air around the body

Very little sweat is produced

Blood vessels on the surface of the skin constrict (vasoconstriction), which means that less blood flows towards the surface, and less energy is therefore being transferred to the surroundings

Shivering increases the rate of respiration, which transfers more energy to the body to keep it warm

46
Q

What happens to cells if water content is too high?

A

The cells will swell and burst - osmosis causes water to go from a high to low concentration

47
Q

What happens to cells if water content is too low?

A

They will shrink

48
Q

Name the parts of the urinary system

A 
Renal vein
Renal artery
Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
49
Q

What are the three main roles of the kidneys

A

1) Removal of urea - a toxic substance produced in the breakdown of amino acids in the liver
2) Adjustment of ion levels in the blood
3) Adjustment of water content in the blood

50
Q

What filters substances in the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

51
Q

What does ADH stand for and what does it do?

A

ADH = anti-diuretic hormone

It controls how much water is reabsorbed back into the blood. It makes the collecting ducts of nephrons more permeable so that more water can be reabsorbed

If water content it to high ADH would not be released so a more dilute urine is produced

If water content is too low, more ADH would be produced so that the body retains as much water as possible, resulting in a darker, more concentrated urine

52
Q

What happens in each nephron?

A

The liquid part of the blood containing things like urea, water, ions and glucose enter the Bowman’s capsule after being forced out the the glomerulus

Bigger molecules and blood cells cannot pass through the membranes and are not forced out

All of the useful substances such as glucose and some water is selectively reabsorbed into the blood against the concentration gradient

53
Q

What system controls water content?

A

A negative feedback system

54
Q

What does dialysis do?

A

It filters the blood mechanically outside of the body

55
Q

How does dialysis work?

A

Has to be done regularly to keep dissolved substances at the right concentrations, and to remove waste

Dialysis fluid has the same concentration of salts and glucose as blood plasma, so they are not removed from the blood

The barrier is permeable to ions and waste substances, but not big molecules like proteins.

So, waste substances like urea are removed from the blood and enter the dialysis fluid

56
Q

Apart from dialysis, what other way can kidney disease be cured?

A

Kidney transplants

57
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplants?

A

Advantages are that it allows patients to live a life like they did before, and do not have to rely on a machine

However, the antigens on the surface of the donor kidney will be different and therefore the body may detect it as a foreign invader and attack it: rejection

58
Q

How can rejection of organs be reduced?

A

Right now, transplants are the only cure for kidney disease

To prevent rejection, precautions may be taken, such as:

  • A donor with a tissue type that closely matches the patient will be chosen
  • The patient is treated with drugs that suppress the immune system, so their immune system will not attack the transplanted kidney

However, if on drugs, the patient are at a higher risk of diseases as their immune defence is weakened

Biology (9 decks)

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