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Biology > Topic 2 - Cells And Control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Genetic information

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2
Q

What do nuclei contain?

A

Genetic material

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3
Q

Explain a diploid cell in terms of chromosomes

A

A diploid cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 individidual chromosomes. This is because when the sperm and egg joined together, the chromosomes paired up to make 23 pairs

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4
Q

Explain a haploid cell in terms of chromosomes

A

These cells are egg and sperm cells, and they have 23 individual chromosomes rather than 23 pairs. This is because when fertilisation occurs, the chromosomes join to make the 23 pairs that almost every other cell in the body contains

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5
Q

Name the stages of mitosis in order

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase & Cytokenesis

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6
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

The cell increases the amount of sub-cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes. It also duplicates its DNA so that there is one copy for each new cell (mitosis produces 1 cell from an existing cell)

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7
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense, and become shorter and fatter. The membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell

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9
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Cell fibres pull the chromosomes apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell

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10
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells. The nucleus has now divided

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11
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two separate cells

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12
Q

What is growth?

A

An increase in size or mass

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13
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job. Having specialised cells allows multicellular organisms to work more efficiently

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14
Q

Cell elongation

A

Where a plant cell expands, making the cell bigger and so making the plant grow

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15
Q

All growth in animals happens by ____ ________

A

Cell division

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16
Q

Name a case of uncontrolled cell division

A

Cancer

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17
Q

What are percentile charts used to measure?

A

Growth

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18
Q

A random change in a gene is called a ________

A

Mutation

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19
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can turn into different types of cells

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20
Q

Undifferentiated cells are called ____ _____

A

Stem cells

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21
Q

Stem cells divide by mitosis. True of false?

A

True

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22
Q

What do meristems contain?

A

Plant stem cells

23
Q

What are stem cells commonly used for?

A

Medicine

24
Q

Name 2 used of stem cells in medicine

A

Cures diseases using adult bone marrow stem cells such as sickle cell anaemia, Extracting stem cells from human embryos and growing them. Under certain conditions, the stem cells can be stimulated to differentiate into specialised cells

25
Q

Name 3 risks of stem cell research

A

Tumour development, disease transmission, rejection

26
Q

Explain tumour development

A

Stem cells can divide very quickly. If scientists are unable to control the rate at which the transplanted cells divide inside a patient, a tumour may develop

27
Q

Explain disease transmission

A

Viruses live inside cells. If donor stem cells are infected with a virus and this isn’t picked up, the virus could be passed on to the recipient and make them sicker

28
Q

Explain rejection

A

If the transplanted cells aren’t grown using the patient’s own stem cells, the patient’s body may recognise the cells as a foreign invader, and trigger an immune response to try to get rid of them. The patient can take drugs to suppress this response

29
Q

Name 1 ethical issues with stem cell research

A

Using embryonic stem cells raises ethical issues because some people argue that each embryo is a potential human life, could possibly harm the embryo when using stem cells

30
Q

The brain and spinal cord make up the _______ _______ ______ (CNS)

A

Central Nervous System

31
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A long column of neurones (nerve cells) that run from the base of the brain down to the spine.

32
Q

Name the 3 main parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum (split into two cerebral hemispheres), Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata

33
Q

What is the cerebrum’s function?

A

The cerebrum is split into 2 cerebral hemispheres. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body. Its main responsibilities include movement, intelligence, memory and vision

34
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

The cerebellum is responsible for muscle coordination and balance

35
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls unconscious activities like breathing and heart rate

36
Q

What is CT scanning?

A

A CT scanner uses x-rays to produce an image of the brain. It shows the main structures of the brain, but not the functions of them. However, if a CT scan shows a damaged brain, the lost function can be worked out.

37
Q

What is PET scanning?

A

PET scanners use radioactive chemicals to show which parts of the brain are active. PET scanners are incredibly detailed, and can investigate the structure and function of the brain at the same time. Show if areas of the brain are unusually inactive.

38
Q

Why is treating CNS problems tricky?

A

Because neurones in the CNS do not repair themselves, and scientists do not yet know how to do this either. Injuries could be prolonged due to surgery, and can lead to permanent damage if something goes wrong.

39
Q

What is a sensory neurone?

A

A sensory neurone is one long dendron which carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body, which is located in the middle of the neurone. One short axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the CNS

40
Q

What is a motor neurone?

A

A motor neurone are many short dendrites which carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body. One long axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the effector cells

41
Q

What is a relay neurone?

A

A relay neurone are many short dendrites which carry nerve impulses from sensory neurones to the cell body. An axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to motor neurones

42
Q

Synapses connect neurones. True or false?

A

True

43
Q

What is the connection between two neurones called?

A

A synapse

44
Q

How do electrical signals pass through the synapse when they do not touch?

A

The electrical signal is transferred into chemicals called neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse. The neurotransmitters then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone. This transmission is very fast, but the diffusion slows this down

45
Q

How to reflexes help prevent injuries?

A

Reflexes help to prevent injuries because they are an automatic, rapid response to stimuli, as they reduce the chance of you injuring yourself

46
Q

The passage of information in a reflex (from receptor to effector) is called a ______ ___

A

Reflex arc

47
Q

Why are reflex responses quicker than normal?

A

Because you don’t have time to think about when to remove yourself from dangerous stimuli. The body automatically does it.

48
Q

Name a reflex in the eye that protects it and what it does

A

The reflex in the eye is caused by light receptor cells that detect very bright light and a message is sent from the sensory neurone to the brain. The message is passed through the relay neurone and the motor neurone, which tells the iris to contract

49
Q

What is the job of the cornea?

A

To refract light into the eye

50
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

51
Q

Name a function of the lens

A

Refracts light, but focuses it onto the retina

52
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

The retina is the light sensitive part, and it’s covered in receptor cells called rods and cones, which detect light. The retina detects light

53
Q

What are cones and rods?

A

Rods are more sensitive in dim light but cannot sense colour, whereas cones are sensitive to different colours, but are not so good in dim light.

54
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

The optic nerve carries the impulses from the receptors to the brain. The brain then flips this image as it is the wrong way up

Biology (9 decks)

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