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Biology > Topic 6 - Plant Structures And Their Functions > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Plant Structures And Their Functions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

Is photosynthesis an endothermic or exothermic reaction?

A

Endothermic - energy is taken in during the reaction

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3
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

The chloroplasts

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4
Q

What does chlorophyll do?

A

It absorbs light

Energy is taken transferred to the chloroplasts by light

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5
Q

What are the three factors that affect photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity, the concentration of CO2 and the temperature

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6
Q

What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

A

Something that is stopping photosynthesis from happening any faster

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7
Q

What does not having enough light have to do with the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Not having enough light slows down the rate of photosynthesis

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8
Q

What does not having enough carbon dioxide have to do with the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Too little carbon dioxide slows down the rate of photosynthesis

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9
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

The temperature has to be around the optimum temperature for photosynthesis to happen quickly

The enzymes cannot work best if the outside temperature exceeds their optimum temperature

If this happens, the enzymes will denature and photosynthesis cannot take place

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10
Q

What is the purpose of root hair cells?

A

To take in minerals and water

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11
Q

What do phloem tubes transport?

A

Transport food - mainly sucrose - around the plant

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12
Q

Give an adaptation of root hair cells

A

They have microscopic hairs on the surface of the plant roots which stick out into the soil

This gives the roots a larger surface area, and the plant is therefore more able to absorb minerals and water quicker

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13
Q

How are minerals absorbed in root hair cells?

A

Active transport

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14
Q

How is water absorbed in root hair cells?

A

Osmosis

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15
Q

Give an adaptation of phloem tubes

A

They are made of elongated living cells with small pores to allow substances to flow through easily

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16
Q

What is the purpose of xylem tubes?

A

They take water up the plant

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17
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from a plant

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18
Q

What is transpiration caused by?

A

Evaporation and diffusion

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19
Q

How does transpiration allow more water to be drawn up through the roots?

A

The loss of water creates a slight shortage of water in the leaf, and so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through xylem vessels in order to replace it

This in turn means that more waterside drawn up from the roots and so there’s a constant transpiration stream of water through the plant

20
Q

How do you calculate light intensity?

A

1 (divided by) distance (d)^2

21
Q

What are stomata used for?

A

Gas exchange

22
Q

What are stomata? What gases diffuse out of them?

A

Tiny pores on the surface of a plant. They are mostly found on the lower surface of leaves.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse directly out of the leaf through the stomata, as well as water vapour during transpiration

23
Q

What surrounds stomata to open and close them?

A

Guard cells

24
Q

What three environmental factors affect the transpiration rate?

A
  • Light intensity
  • Temperature
  • Air Flow
25
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

Brighter the light, the greater the transpiration rate. Stomata close as it gets darker. Photosynthesis can’t happen in the dark, and therefore they don’t need to let CO2 out.

26
Q

How does temperature affect the transpiration rate?

A

The warmer it is, the faster transpiration happens. When it’s warm the water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata

27
Q

How do you estimate the transpiration rate?

A

Using a potometer. It measures water intake in the plant, but it is assumed that water uptake is directly related to water loss from the leaves

28
Q

What are leaves adapted for?

A

Photosynthesis and gas exchange

29
Q

Leaves are broad. Why is this a good adaptation?

A

Because it means they have a larger surface area exposed to the light, making photosynthesis happen faster

30
Q

How is the palisade layer adapted for photosynthesis?

A

It is very close to the surface and they have lots of chloroplasts, so they can get the most light

31
Q

How is the upper epidermis adapted for photosynthesis?

A

it is a transparent layer so that light can pass through easier

32
Q

How has the waxy cuticle adapted?

A

it is a waxy layer which helps reduce water loss

33
Q

Why are air spaces good in photosynthesis?

A

it gives a larger surface area for gas exchange and diffusion

34
Q

Give 3 adaptations of plants living in warm climates

A

Small leaves - reduces surface area for water loss
Curled leaves - reduces air flow which traps water vapour near the surface
Thick waxy cuticles - reduces water loss
Thick stem - stores water
Fewer stomata which only open at night - reduce water loss by evaporation

35
Q

Name 3 plant hormones

A

Auxins
Gibberellins
Ethene gas

36
Q

What do auxins do?

A

Plant hormone that controls growth at the tip of shoots and roots. They move through the plant in a solution

They change the direction of shoot and root growth

37
Q

What is positive and negative phototropism?

A

Where a shoot or root either grows towards or away from the light

Positive - grows towards the light
Negative - grows away from the light

38
Q

What is positive and negative geotropism?

A

Where a shoot or root either grows towards or away from gravity

Positive - grows towards gravity
Negative - grows away from gravity

39
Q

What are roots - phototropic / geotropic?

A

Positively geotropic

Negatively phototropic

40
Q

What are shoots - phototropic / geotropic?

A

Positively phototropic

Negatively geotropic

41
Q

How do auxins cause shoots and roots to move?

A

Auxins accumulate on the shaded side of the shoot or root, which makes the cell elongate faster on the shaded side so it bends towards the light

42
Q

What plant hormone is in selective weed killers?

A

Auxins

43
Q

What plant hormone is in rooting powder?

A

Auxins

44
Q

What plant hormone is in the control of fruit and flower formation?

A

Gibberelins

45
Q

What plant hormone is used in producing seedless fruits

A

Gibberellins

46
Q

What plant hormone is involved in the ripening of fruits?

A

Ethene gas

47
Q

What plant hormone is in controlling seed germination?

A

Gibberellins

Biology (9 decks)

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