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biology > topic 7 - animal coordination, control and homeostatis > Flashcards

topic 7 - animal coordination, control and homeostatis Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemicals released directly in the blood to target organs

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2
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment

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3
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A
  • It produces many hormones that regulate body conditions
  • located in the brain
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4
Q

What is the thyroid gland

A
  • produces thyroxine
  • located in the neck
  • regulates metabolism, temperature, heart rate
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5
Q

What is the adrenal gland?

A
  • produce adrenaline
  • prepares the body for a fight or flight response
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6
Q

What does the pancreas do in terms of hormones?

A
  • produces insulin
  • used to regulate blood glucose levels
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7
Q

What is the ovaries in producing hormones

A
  • only in females
  • produces oestrogen
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8
Q

What is the testes in terms of hormones

A
  • males only
  • produces testosterone which controls sperm production and puberty
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9
Q

When adrenaline is secreted, what does it do to the body

A
  • increased heart rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased blood flow to the muscles
  • raised blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to change glycogen to glucose
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10
Q

What is negative feedback

A

When the body detects that the level of a substance has gone above or below the normal level

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11
Q

How does thyroxine control metabolic rate when it’s too low

A
  • low levels of thyroxine stimulates production of TRH in the hypothalamus
  • this causes release of TSH from the pituitary gland
  • TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine
  • when thyroxine levels are normal thyroxine inhibits
    the release of TRH and the production of TSH
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12
Q

Graves disease is a condition whether the immune system produces an antibody that has the same effect as TSH. Explain why this can lead to an abnormally high blood thyroxine level

A

TSH stimulates the release of thyroxine in the blood, but the amount of TSH falls when the level of thyroxine gets above the normal level. This negative feedback won’t affect the antibody, so it will keep stimulating the release of thyroxine above the normal level.

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13
Q

What is stage one of the menstrual cycle

A
  • day one is when menstruation starts
  • lining of the uterus breaks down and is released
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14
Q

what is stage two of the menstruation cycle?

A
  • uterus lining is repaired, from day 4 to day 14, until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for a fertilised egg to implant there
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15
Q

what is stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • an egg develops and is released from the ovary at about day 14
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16
Q

what is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle

A
  • lining is maintained for about 14 days, until day 28
  • if no fertilized egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down again and the whole cycle starts over
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17
Q

What is FSH

A
  • follicle-stimulating hormone
  • released by the pituary gland
  • causes a follicle to mature in the ovaries
  • stimulates oestrogen production
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18
Q

What is oestrogen

A
  • released by the ovaries
  • causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
  • high level stimulates an LH surge
19
Q

What is LH

A
  • luteinising hormone
  • released by the pituitary gland
  • LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14 - follicle ruptures and the egg is released
  • stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop into a structure called corpus luteum - which secretes progesterone
20
Q

What is progesterone

A
  • released by the corpus luteum after ovulation
  • maintains the lining of the uterus
  • inhibits release of FSH and LH
  • when levels of progesterone falls, and there’s low oestrogen level, the uterus lining breaks down
  • a low progesterone level allows FSH to increase and then the whole cycle starts again
21
Q

What happens to progesterone levels if the woman becomes preganant

A

Stay high to maintain lining of the uterus breaks down

22
Q

How can oestrogen be used to prevent pregnancy

A
  • Oestrogen is taken every day to keep the level of it permanently high, it inhibits the production of FSH and egg development and production stop
23
Q

How can progesterone reduce fertility?

A

Stimulating the production of a thick cervical mucus which prevents any sperm getting through the uterus and reaching an egg

24
Q

What hormonal contraceptives both contain oestrogen and progesterone?

A
  • combined pill
  • contraceptive patch
25
Q

What hormonal contraceptives only contain progesterone?

A
  • mini-pill
  • contraceptive injection
26
Q

What are some examples of barrier methods of contraception?

A

condoms and diaphragms

27
Q

What are barrier methods of contraception?

A

Put a barrier between the sperm and the egg so they don’t meet

28
Q

What are pros of hormonal and barrier contraceptive methods

A
  • hormonal methods are more effective at preventing pregnancy
  • hormonal methods mean the couple don’t have to stop and think about contraception each time they have intercourse
29
Q

What are cons of hormonal and barrier contraceptive methods?

A
  • hormonal methods can have unpleasant side-effects such as headaches, acne, and mood changes
  • hormonal methods don’t protect against sexually transmitted infections
30
Q

What is clomifene therapy?

A
  • take a drug called clomifene
  • causes more FSH and LH to be released by the body, which stimulate maturation and ovulation
  • this allows the woman to know when she is ovulating, increasing her chance of pregnancy
31
Q

What is ivf

A
  • in vitro fertilisation
  • collecting eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using a man’s sperm to be turned into embryos
  • one or two embryos are then transferred to the woman’s uterus to improve chance of pregnancy
  • FSH and LH are given before egg collection to stimulate egg production
32
Q

What is ART

A
  • assistive reproductive technology
  • a fertility treatment that involves eggs being handled outside of the body
33
Q

Why do conditions in the body need to be kept steady

A

Cells need the right conditions in order to function properly

34
Q

What is blood glucose regulation

A

Sugar levels

35
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

Regulating water content

36
Q

What is thermoregulation

A

Regulating body temperature

37
Q

How does the hormone insulin control blood glucose concentration

A
  • blood with too much glucose
  • insulin is secreted
  • glucose moved from blood into liver and muscle cells
  • insulin makes liver turn into glucose and glycogen
  • blood glucose reduced
38
Q

Explain how blood glucose concentration is regulated by glucagon

A
  • blood with too little glucose
  • glucagon is secreted by pancreas
  • glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose
  • blood glucose is increased
39
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes

A

pancreas produces little or no insulin

40
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be treated

A
  • Injected with insulin therapy
  • limiting intake of carbohydrates
  • regular exercise
41
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes

A

Persons body becomes resistant to insulin

42
Q

How are type 2 diabetes controlled

A
  • healthy diet
  • regular exercise
  • losing weight
  • medication
  • insulin injections
43
Q

What is waist to hip ratio for men showing risk of type 2 diabetes

A

1.0

44
Q

What is waist to hip ratio for women showing risk of type 2 diabetes

A

0.85

biology (9 decks)

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