topic 5 - health, disease, and the development of medicines

Question 1

What is the meaning of health?

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not mainly the absence of disease or infirmity, as defined by the world health organisation

Question 2

What’s the differences between communicable and noncommunicable diseases?

Answer 2

Communicable diseases of diseases that can be spread between individuals
Noncommunicable diseases can’t be transmitted between individual individuals. They include things like cancer and heart disease.

Question 3

What is the presence of one disease lead to a higher susceptibility to other diseases?

Answer 3

Your body may become weakened by the disease, so it’s less able to fight off others

Question 4

What are pathogens?

Answer 4

An organism such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protests that cause communicable diseases

Question 5

What is the pathogen and symptoms for cholera?

Answer 5

Bacterium
Diarrhoea

Question 6

What is the pathogen and symptoms for tuberculosis ?

Answer 6

Bacteria
Coughing and lung damage

Question 7

What is the pathogen and symptoms for Chalara ash dieback

Answer 7

Fungi
Leaf loss and bark lesions

Question 8

What is the pathogen and symptoms for malaria ?

Answer 8

Protists
Cause damage to blood and liver

Question 9

What is the pathogen and symptoms for HIV?

Answer 9

Virus
Destroys white blood cells, leading to the onset of aids

Question 10

How does cholera spread and how can it be reduced?

Answer 10

Spread by contaminated water sources
Making sure people have access to clean water supplies

Question 11

How is tuberculosis spread and how can it be reduced?

Answer 11

Through the air when infected individuals cough (airborne)
Infected people should avoid crowded public spaces, practice good hygiene and sleep alone. The home should also be well ventilated.

Question 12

How can Chalara ash dieback be spread and be reduced?

Answer 12

It’s an airborne disease that is carried through the air by wind
Removing young, infected ash trees and replanting with different species
or restricting the import or movement of ash trees

Question 13

How is malaria spread and what can be due to reduce it?

Answer 13

Spread by animal vectors – they pass on the protest to humans but don’t get the disease themselves
Use of mosquito nets and insect repellent to prevent mosquitoes carrying the pathogen from biting people

Question 14

How is chlamydia spread and how can it be reduced?

Answer 14

Is a type of bacterium which can only reproduce in host cells
It can cause infertility
The spread of chlamydia can be reduced by wearing a condom, screening individual so that they can be treated for the infection, avoiding sexual contact

Question 15

How can HIV be spread and reduced?

Answer 15

HIV effects and kills white blood cells which are important in immune response
HIV infection eventually leads to AIDS
Aid to when the infected person’s immune system deteriorates and eventually fails
HIV can be spread through bodily fluids
a way to protect yourself from HIV is wearing a condom when having sex and drug users should also avoid sharing needles
Medication can also reduce the risk of an infected individual passing the virus onto others during sex

Question 16

What do viruses do?

Answer 16

In fact, living cells called host cells in order to reproduce

Question 17

What are the physical barriers in the human body?

Answer 17

Mucus – trap part particles that could contain pathogens
Cilia – hair like structures which wafted the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed
Skin – blood clots quickly seal cut and keep microorganisms out

Question 18

What are chemical defences in the human body?

Answer 18

Lysozymes - produced by the eyes which kills bacteria on the surface of the eye
Hydrochloric acid – the stomach produce produces hydrochloric acid which kills most pathogens that are swallowed

Question 19

What is the role of the specific immune system of the human body in defence against disease?

Answer 19

Every pathogen has a unique molecules on its surface called antigens
When your B lymphocytes come across an antigen on a pathogen, they start to produce proteins called antibodies. Antibodies bind to the new invading pathogen, so it can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. The antibodies produced a specific to that pathogen – they won’t lock onto any other pathogens. The antibodies are then produced rapidly and flow all round the body to find similar pathogens .

Question 20

How do memory lymphocytes work in the defence against disease in the human body?

Answer 20

Memory lymphocytes remain in the body for a long time and remember a specific antigen
The person is not immune – the immune system has the ability to respond quickly to a second infection
If the same pathogen enters the body again, there are more cells that will recognise it and produce antibodies against it. This secondary immune response is faster and stronger.

Question 21

What is the body’s response to immunisation using an inactive form of a pathogen?

Answer 21

These antigens injected into their body trigger memory lymphocytes to be made
if life pathogens of the same type get into the body, they will already be memory lymphocytes that can cause a fast secondary immune response, meaning you’re less likely to get the disease

Question 22

Why can antibiotics only be used to treat bacterial infections?

Answer 22

Antibiotics work by inhibiting processes in bacterial cells, but not in the host organism
Different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria so it’s important to be treated with the right one
But antibiotics don’t destroy viruses. Viruses produce using your own body cells, which makes it very difficult to develop drugs that destroyed just the virus without killing the body cells.

Question 23

What was the first antibiotic to be discovered?

Answer 23

Penicillin
It was discovered by Alexander Fleming when he was clearing out petri dishes containing bacteria

Question 24

What is pre-clinical testing?

Answer 24

In pre-clinical testing drugs are first tested on human cells and tissues in the lab. However, you can’t use human cells and tissues to test drugs that affect hole or multiple body systems.
The next step is to test a drug on life animals. This is the test that the drug works to find out how toxic it is and the best dosage available.

Question 25

What is clinical testing?

Answer 25

If the drug passes the test on animals, it’s then tested on human volunteers in the clinical trial
First the drug is tested on healthy volunteers to make sure that it doesn’t have any harmful side effects of when the body is working normally. If the results of the test on healthy volunteers are good, the drugs can be tested on people suffering from the illness. The optimum dose is found – this is the dose of the drug that is the most effective .
Patients are randomly put into groups. One is given the new drug, and the other is given a placebo. This is to allow for the placebo effect.
Clinical trials are blind – the patient in the study doesn’t know whether they’re getting the drug of the placebo. In fact they often double blind – neither the patient or the doctor knows until all the results have been gathered. This is so the doctors monitoring the patient and analysing the results on subconsciously influenced by all their knowledge .

Question 26

What are noncommunicable diseases caused by?

Answer 26

Number of factors, including cardiovascular disease. This is because
nicotine and cigarette smoke increases heart rate, which increases blood pressure. High blood pressure damages artery walls, which contributes the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. These deposits restrict blood flow and increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke. Smoking increases the risk of blood clots forming in arteries, which can restrict or block blood flow, leading to a heart attack or stroke .

A date with too many or two few nutrients
Not getting enough exercise
Drinking too much alcohol which damages the liver

Question 27

How can noncommunicable diseases have affect for local areas?

Answer 27

Where there is areas of high levels of obesity, smoking or exes alcohol consumption, this is likely to be a high occurrence of certain noncommunicable diseases which puts pressure on resources of local hospitals

Question 28

How can mum communicate disabled diseases? Have an effect on national levels?

Answer 28

Noncommunicable diseases are also costly because the national health service provides the resources for the treatment of patients all over the UK. And sometimes, people suffering from a noncommunicable disease may not be able to work. A reduction in the number of people able to work can affect a countries economy.

Question 29

What is the equation for BMI?

Answer 29

Mass divided by height squared

Question 30

What is the equation for waist:hip ratio?

Answer 30

Waistcircumference divided by hips circumference

Question 31

How can lifestyle changes be used to treat cardiovascular disease?

Answer 31

Making changes to your lifestyle can reduce your risk of developing cardiovascular disease
People with or at risk of cardiovascular disease may be encouraged to eat healthy, balanced diet, which is low in saturated fat. They may be also be encouraged to exercise regularly, lose weight if necessary and stop smoking.
Lifestyle changes are often recommended first

Question 32

How can surgical procedures be used to treat cardiovascular disease?

Answer 32

Stent or tubes that are inserted inside arteries. They keep them open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles, lowering the risk of a heart attack. But overtime, the artery can narrow again a stent can irritate the artery and make scar tissue grow. The patient has to also take drugs to stop blood clotting on the stent.

If part of a blood vessel is blocked, a piece of healthy vessel taken from elsewhere can be used to bypass the blocked section. This is known as coronary bypass surgery.

The whole heart can be replaced with a donor heart. However, the new heart does not always start pumping properly and drugs have to be taken to stop the body rejecting it. All these drugs have side-effects.
Surgical procedures have downsides as there is a risk of bleeding, clots and infection

Question 33

How can lifelong medication reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke in cardiovascular disease?

Answer 33

Statins reduce the amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream. This slows down the rate up which fatty deposit form – reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes. however they can sometimes cause negative side effects, i.e. aching muscles or liver damage

Anticoagulants are drugs which make blood clots less likely to form. However, this can cause excessive bleeding if the person is hurt in an accident.

Antihypertensive reduced blood pressure. This helps to prevent damage to blood vessels and so reduce the risk of fatty deposits forming. However, they can cause side-effects i.e. headaches and fainting.