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GCSE- Biology > Topic 7- Animal coordination, control and homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7- Animal coordination, control and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones and where are they secreted from and where do they travel?

A
  • Chemical messengers
  • Secreted from endocrine glands
  • Target organs through the blood stream
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2
Q

What are the 6 ( need to know) endocrine glands?

A
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
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3
Q

What is the purpose and effects of adrenaline and where is it secreted from?

A
  • Fight or flight
  • Adrenal glands
  • Increases blood pressure ( to muscles)
  • Increases heart rate ( to muscles)
  • Increases glucose levels in blood stream from liver
  • Reduces blood flow to gut ( prevents digestion)
  • Widens airways, increased breathing rate
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4
Q

Where is TRH ( Thyrotropin releasing hormone) secreted, why and what does it do?

A
  • Hypothalamus (For metabolism)
  • When there are low levels of thryoxine
  • Stimulates TSH to be secreted from pituitary gland
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5
Q

Where is TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) secreted and what does it do?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Stimulates thyroxine to be secreted from the thyroid gland
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6
Q

What happens when there are normal/high levels of thyroxine

A
  • Inhibits production of TRH and TSH
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7
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A
  • Controls metabolic rate
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8
Q

Where and does FSH do in the preovulatory phase?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Stimulates follicle to mature egg
  • stimulates the secretion of oestrogen from the follicles
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9
Q

Where and does oestrogen do in the preovulatory phase?

A
  • From Follicles
  • Builds the lining of the uterus for fertilisation
  • Stimulates LH secretion from the pituitary gland
  • Inhibits FSH
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10
Q

Where and what does LH (luteinezing hormone) do in the postovulatory phase?

A
  • Stimulates follicle to release egg (ovulation)
  • Empty follicle (yellow body) secretes progesterone and oestrogen
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11
Q

Where and does progesterone do in the postovulatory phase?

A
  • From the yellow body (corpus luteum)
  • Maintains uterus lining
  • Inhibits LH
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12
Q

Which two hormones spike together in the middle of the cycle?

A
  • LH
  • Oestrogen
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13
Q

What happens if there is no fertilisation?

A
  • Oestrogen and progesterone levels decrease
  • Lining sheds causing bleeding
  • FSH levels increase
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14
Q

How is IVF done?

A
  • Mother given lots of FSH and LH to mature many eggs
  • Sperm is used to fertilise in lab
  • Placed into mothers womb
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15
Q

What are the positives to IVF?

A
  • Allow those struggling with conception to have children
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16
Q

What are the negatives to IVF?

A
  • Mentally demanding
  • Costly
  • Low success rates
  • Women can have multiple children ( triplets) dangerous
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17
Q

How do hormonal contraceptives affect the hormonal cycle?

A

The pill- inhibit FSH production to stop eggs maturing

  • implant, skin patch, injection- Produce progesterone (inhibits FSH and LH)
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18
Q

What are the positives to the pill?

A
  • Effective
  • Easy to use
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19
Q

What are the negatives to the pill?

A
  • Has to be used daily
  • Side effects (increase risk of blood clots and breast cancer)
  • Doesn’t protect against STI’s
20
Q

What is clomifene and why is it used?

A
  • Drug containing lots of FSH
  • Women who produce less FSH use it to stimulate the follicles for egg to mature
21
Q

What are the positives to skin patches, implant or injections?

A
  • Last a long time
22
Q

What are the negatives to skin patches, implant or injections?

A
  • Side effects
  • Don’t protect against STI’s
23
Q

Are barrier or hormonal contraceptives better?

A
  • Hormonal are more effective (6-12 /100 pregnancies annually compared to 18+/100)
  • Hormonal doesn’t protect against STI’s
24
Q

Why is thermoregulation important?

A
  • The human body should be around 37 degrees celsius
  • Can slow or denature enzymes
25
Q

What is the importance of osmoregulation?

A
  • Can cause cells to become turgid and burst (if too much water)
  • Cells can loose water and shrivel (if too much salt)
  • Most fluids are made with water (urine, phlegm)
26
Q

What happens when we are too hot?

A
  • Vasodilation, blood vessels widen to allow flow to skin
  • Sweat gland produces sweat ( evaporates with heat)
  • Hair erector muscles relax (prevent heat being trapped)
27
Q

What happens when we are too hot?

A
  • Vasoconstriction, blood vessels constrict to prevent blood flow to skin
  • Hair erector muscles contract, hairs trap a layers of air as an insulator
  • Swat glands stop producing water
28
Q

What is glucose stored as?

A

Glycogen

29
Q

Where is glucose stored (mostly)?

A
  • Liver
  • Muscles
30
Q

What happens when glucose levels are high in the bloodstream?

A
  • Pancreas secretes INSULIN
  • insulin causes the body to absorb glucose
  • For cells to respire
31
Q

What happens when glucose levels are low in the bloodstream?

A
  • Pancreas releases GLUCAGON
  • causes glycogen in liver (muscles) to be broken down into glucose
  • And released in the blood stream
32
Q

What are metabolic rest (thyroxine) and glucose levels examples of?

A
  • Negative feedback loop
33
Q

What is vasodilation?

A
  • Arterials near the skin surface dilate,
  • too hot
  • Loose heat through skin
  • Face goes red
34
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A
  • Arterials near the skin surface constrict
  • too cold
  • Blood flows further away from the face as to not loose heat
  • Face goes blue
35
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ role in thermoregulation?

A
  • detects if the temperature is too far from normal 37 degrees
36
Q

What is the epidermis’ role in thermoregulation?

A
37
Q

What and where does the hormone that controls osmoregulation come from?

A
  • ADH
  • Hypothalamus
38
Q

What brings blood to the kidneys?

A
  • renal arteries
39
Q

How and why do renal arteries cause high pressure?

A
  • Narrow when exiting the kidney
  • Causes high pressure
  • Forces smaller molecules (glucose, urea, water)
  • Into the nephron
40
Q

Where does nephron absorb small molecules, and what is its purpose?

A
  • Glomerulus (bundle of blood vessels)
  • Bowmans capsule ( large SA, enters nephron)
  • Stops cells and proteins entering the nephron
41
Q

What happens to the small molecules that are absorbed into the nephron?

A
  • Travel down the nephrons tubules
  • Active reabsorption
42
Q

Where is glucose reabsorbed from the kidney?

A
  • Proximal Convoluted tubule
  • (before loop)
43
Q

Where is salt and water reabsorbed from the kidney?

A
  • Loop of henle
44
Q

How are the small molecules reabsorbed actively in the kindey?

A
  • Nephron surrounded by cappilaries
45
Q

What happens when there is little water in the body

A
  • ADH released from hypothalamus
  • Causes collecting ducts walls to become more permeable
  • Allows more water to be reabsorbed into cells
46
Q

What about urine indicates low water levels in the body

A
  • Less urine
  • high urea concentration
  • yellow urine (acidic)
47
Q

What happens if there is lots of water in the body (kidney)?

A
  • ADH is inhibited
  • Collecting duct walls less permeable
  • Less water reabsorbed

GCSE- Biology (4 decks)

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