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GCSE- Biology > Topic 5- Health, diseases and the development of medicine > Flashcards

Topic 5- Health, diseases and the development of medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is health?

A

Complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

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2
Q

What is communicable disease?

A

Disease that is infectious and can be passed person to person

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3
Q

What is an non communicable disease?

A

Disease that is not infectious and can’t be passed from person to person
- Hereditary, environmental, behaviour

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4
Q

Why can the presence of one disease
cause higher susceptibility to another?

A
  • Weakens the immune system and is therefore easier for a new infection to become more serious.
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5
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microrganism (or virus) that cuases disease

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6
Q

Which diseases are caused of bacteria?

A

Tuberculosis, Helicobacter, Cholera, Chlamydia

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7
Q

Which diseases are caused by protists?

A

Malaria

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8
Q

Which diseases are caused by fungi?

A

Chalara Ash dieback

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9
Q

x2

by Which diseases are caused virus?

A

HIV, Ebola

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10
Q

What are the effects of Malaria?

A

-Blood and liver damage

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11
Q

What are the effects of Cholera?

A
  • Diarrhoea, causes severe dehydration
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12
Q

What are the effects of Tuberculosis?

A
  • Lung damage
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13
Q

What are the effects of HIV?

A
  • White blood cell damage
  • Leads to AIDS
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14
Q

What are the effects of Chalara ash dieback

A
  • Dying leaves
  • Bark lesions
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15
Q

What are the effects of Eboli?

A
  • Haemorrhagic fever
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16
Q

What are the effects of Helicobacter?

A
  • Stomach ulcers
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17
Q

Which diseases are airborn?

A

Chalara ash dieback, tuberculosis

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18
Q

Which diseases are waterborn?

A

Cholera

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19
Q

Which are transmitted orally?

A

Helicobacter

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20
Q

Which diseases are transmitted through bodily fluids?

A

Ebola, HIV

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21
Q

Which diseases are caused by animal vectors?

A

Malaria by mosquitos

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22
Q

What is the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Virus injects DNA/RNA into host cell
  • Virus uses host cell’s machinery to reproduce
  • Lyce occurs as the viruses burst out the cell
  • This kills the cell
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23
Q

What is the Lysogenic cycle?

A
  • Virus injects DNA/RNA into cell
  • DNA/RNA become part of host cell’s DNA
  • Cell divides and replicates itself with the viruses genetic material
  • The lytic cycle is triggered into action (by chemical/pH change)
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24
Q

How are sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and Chlamydia are spread?

A
  • Through anal, oral or vaginal sex
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25
Q

How can sexually transmitted diseases bee prevented?

A
  • Regular testing + abstinence from sex
  • Reducing number of sexual partners
  • Practice safe sex with a condom or femidom
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26
Q

x3

How do plants defend themselves physical?

A
  • Cellulose around cells + thick waxy cuticle (impermeable)
  • Closes stomata to prvent pathogens
  • Bark (dead, prevents interest from pathogens)
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27
Q

How do plants defend themselves chemical?

A
  • Poisons kill or prevent consumption
  • Antibacterial chemicles kill pathogens
  • Release chemicals that attract organisms that eat pests
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28
Q

How do plants defend themselves mechanically?

A
  • Prevent from being eaten
  • Thorns
  • Hairs (Irritate mouths)
  • Mimic poisonous plants
29
Q

What chemicals from plants to humans use?

A

-Aspirine
-Morphine
-

30
Q

How can plant diseases be detected?

A

-Add nutrients (magnesium if yellow leaves, nitrates if stunted growth) observe changes
-Send to lab to run tests/ microscope

31
Q

Physical human defences?

A

1)Sking- barrier + secrete oil
2)Mucus-trap pathogens
3)Cilia- waft pathogens to mouth/stomach to be coughed or killed

32
Q

Chemical human defences?

A

-Tears/lysozymes break down pathogens
-Stomach HCl

33
Q

What white blood cells are part of the immune system?

A

-Phagocytes
-Lymphocytes
-Memory lymphocyctes

34
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

-Find pathogen
-Engulf pathogen
-Sac of digestive enzymes merges with pathogen sac
-Pathogen killed

35
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

-Produce correct antibodies to bind to pathogens antigens
-Produce anti-toxins to neutralise toxins

these divide and multiply to make more of the correct lymphocytes

36
Q

Why do bodies become immune?

A

-Still catch pathogen but no symptoms
-Memroy lymphocytes can identify pathogens and produce quicker + higher volume of correct lymphocytes to be produced 9that make the right antibodies)

secondary infection

37
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

-Weakend/dead pathogen injected in body
-Body produces lymphocytes to fight it
-Memory lymphocytes produced
-If cuaght again, correc lymphocytes r produced faster and in greater numbers

therefore immune, barely any symptoms

38
Q

Advantanges of immunisation?

A

-Herd immunity (majority vaccined then pathogens cannot spread easily)
-Prevents illness

39
Q

Disadvantages of immunisation?

A

-Mild reaction to vaccine/symptoms
-Social stigma (thought it cuased autism)

40
Q

What and why do antiobotics treat?

A

-Bacteria diseases
-Inhibits bacterias cell functions

does not inhibit host cells–> not affect viruses

41
Q

x6

Plant diseases

A

1)Ash dieback fungus
2)Organisms (aphids or mealybugs)
3)Rose black spot fungus
4)Rice blast fungus
5)Tobacco mosiac
6)Bacterial canker

42
Q

What does ash dieback fungus cuase?

A

-Malformation
-Bark lesions

43
Q

What does rose black fungus cuase?

A

Black spots

44
Q

What do aphids and mealybugs cuase?

A

-Dehydration (in plants)
-Damage to structure

45
Q

What does rice blast fungus cuase?

A

stem decay

46
Q

What does tobacco mosiac cuase?

virus

A

leaf discoloration

47
Q

What does bacterial canker cuase?

A

-Loss of leaves (fruit trees)
-Pus filled lesions

48
Q

Aseptic meaning?

A

no contamination

49
Q

CORE PRACTICAL: Aseptic technique to grow bacteria?

A

1)** Agar jelly **and petri dish sterilised
2) Place sticker with testing substance on jelly cente
3) All next steps near blue flame (create updraft + prevent contamination)
4) Swirl bacteria mixture to evenly distribute bacteria
5) Sterilisie innoculating loop by heating in flame
6) Place mouth of bacteria jar in flame (sterilise)
7) Use innoculating loop to streak bacteria on jelly (no digging creates clumps of bacteria)
8) Place lid and tape (allow some oxygen flow in prevent dangerous anerobic bacteria growing)
9) Store upsidedown to prevent condensation on jelly
10) Store no higher than 25 degrees as it is dangerous (human body 37 degrees)

50
Q

Why do we use agar jelly?

A

provides bacteria with nutrients to grow

51
Q

How are new medicines passed/produced?

A

Pre clinical:
-Discovered
-Tested on single cells

clinical:
-Tested on animals
-Tested on healthy humans
-Tested on patients with placebo group (compare to see how effective drug is)

52
Q

What is a monoclonal antibodi?

A

-Clone single cell that produces wanted antibodies
-Lymphocytes do not divide quick enough
-So bind with fast mutiplying tumor cell

53
Q

What is a hyperdomia?

A

-Fused tumor cell and lymphocyte

54
Q

How collect right lymphocytes?

A

-Inject animal with antigen
-Collect the lymphocutes it produced

55
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

A

-Drug delivery
-Destroy pathogens
-Find tumor cells (by attaching radioactive material to the ma)

56
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy testing?

A

-Pregnant women secrete HGC
-Antibodies fixed to test strip
-Antibodies free (wear peed on) with blue beads

If pregnant free antibodies bind to HGC and wash over to and bind to fixed antibodies accumilating blue beads

If not pregnant, piss will wash over all and not bind.

57
Q

What cuases non commicable disease?

A

-Poor diet: Obesity and diabetes
-Sun exposure: Skin cancerr
-Drug use: Lung cancer (tar), cariovascular problems (tar), Heart rate (nicotine), CO binds to heamoglobin starving oxygen supply.

or genetic

58
Q

BMI is

A

mass (kg)/ height (m)^2

59
Q

What does overconsumption of alcohol cuase?

A

-liver disease/cirrohosis

60
Q

Symptoms of liver disease?

A

-Liver inflammation
-Sickness
-Yellowing of eyes +skin
-Weight loss (less bile produced for fat absorbtion)

61
Q

What does smoking cuase?

A

-Cardiovascular disease
-Damage blood vessels and alveoli

62
Q

What cuases coronary heart disease?

A

-Build up of fatty deposits
-Block blood vessels

63
Q

How to treat cardiovascular disease?

A

-Statins
-Stents
-Heart transplants

64
Q

How do statins work?

its a drug

A

-drug lowers cholesterol (in liver) (this builds up fatty deposisits in blood vessels)
-Shorterm solution (continuous need for them as a longterm)

65
Q

Positives and negatives of statins?

A

Positives:
-Prevent cardiovascular disease
Negatives:
-Liver damage
-Headaches
-May cuase type 2 diabetes/ linked

66
Q

How do stents work?

A

-Stent (metal net) insterted in a catheter (tube with balloon)
-Balloon inflated
-Stent is now wide
-Catheter removed

-widens blood vessel

made of metal alloys which do not trigger immune response

67
Q

Positives and negatives of statins?

A

Positives:
-Reduce risk of heart attack
-Minor sugery
Negatives:
-Blood clots
-Damage during surgery

68
Q

Heart transplant positives and negatives?

A

Positives:
-Plastic heart used whilst waiting for donor
Negatives:
-Not many heart donors
-Immunosuppresent drugs taken to prevent rejection (increase disease suseptibility)

GCSE- Biology (6 decks)

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