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GCSE- Biology > Topic 2- Cells and Control > Flashcards

Topic 2- Cells and Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis + what is it for?

x3

A
  • Cell division and replication
  • Repair, Growth, reproduction
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2
Q

Where does Mitosis take place?

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

-Interphase
-Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anophase
-Telophase
-Cytokinosis

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4
Q

When does the nucleus break down?

A
  • Late prophase
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5
Q

What is Interphase?

And how much time to cells spend in it?

A
  • 90%
  • Cells/ Chromitids replicate
  • Into 2 chromatids with a centromere
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6
Q

What is Prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible

(in thier little pairs)

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7
Q

What is Metophase?

A

Chromosomes line up in the centre of the nucleus

One chromatid either side

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8
Q

What is Anophase?

A
  • Spindle fibres
  • Pull the chromatids to either side of the cell
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9
Q

What is Telophase?

A

-Nucleus made around both sides of chromotids

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10
Q

What is Cytokinosis?

A

-The cell cytoplasm splits
-Leaving two genetically identical duaghter cells

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11
Q

Why is mitosis important in growth, repair and
asexual reproduction?

A
  • Cells create new identical cells
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12
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • Changes/ mutations in cells
  • Cuase rapid cell division
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13
Q

What are stem cells and why is differentiation important?

A

-Stem Cells divide and differentiate into specialised cells
-Need cells to perform different specialised functions

Muscle cells, nerve cells

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14
Q

How do plants grow?

3 words

A

-Cell division
-Elongation
-Differentiation

By meristems, the tip

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15
Q

Where does cell division take place in a plant?

A

-Tip
-Meristems

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16
Q

What is elongation and where does it take place in plants?

A
  • Further back than meristems
  • Become longer

meristem cells produce auxins, cuase receptors to allow hydrogen into cells
Lowers pH, activates enzyme to break hydrogen bonds between cell wall
Allows flexibility for cell to change/ elongate0-

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17
Q

Do plants or animals maintain embryonic stem cells all their life

A

Plants

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18
Q

What are embryonic stem cells and where are they in animals?

A
  • Differentiate into any cell
  • Found in embryos
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19
Q

Against/Risks associated with using embryonic stem cells

A

-Ethical (embryo, could be a human)
-Hard to come by (only embryo of animals)

-Catch a disease before implanted in body
-May become cancerouse (divide rapidly)
-Body may reject it (immune supressers used, more suseptible to disease)

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20
Q

What stem cells in animals are not only found in the emrbyo for?

A

Differentiation into Blood
e.g White/red blood cells or plasma

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21
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A

The back of the head just above the spinal cord

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22
Q

What is the cerebellum for?

A

-Balance
-Muscle coordination
-Music

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23
Q

Where are the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Either side of the main part of the brain

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24
Q

x5

What do the cerebral hemisphere’s do?

A

-Control opposite side of the bodies movements
-Consciousness
-Intelligence
-Memory
-Language

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25
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata?

A

-Bottom middle

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26
Q

What does the medulla oblongate control?

A

-Unconsious activity
-Breathing rate
-Heartrate
-Blinking

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27
Q

How does a CT scanner work?

A
  • X rays passed in all directions
  • Absorbed and transmitted by different parts of body
    -Produces image slices which are made into images by computers

Better at finding damaged areas

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28
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A
  • Patien absorbs radioactive glucose
  • Emmits gamma rays
  • Areas that are used more (or cancerous) respire more and therefore absorb more of the glucose
  • Scan picks up which places emmit more gamma rays (being used more)

Better for discovering underlying activity

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29
Q

How does electrical stimulation of the brain work?

for reaserch

A
  • Skull opened
  • Electrodes inserted (into the cerebral cortex)
    -Part of brain stimulated to see response of patient
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30
Q

Why is it diffuclt to treat damage in the brain?

A

-Hard to reach (encased in skull)
-Has delicate surrounding brain tissue

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31
Q

Why is it diffuclt to treat damage in the spinal cord?

A

-No adult stem cells can differentiate
-Hard to acces as protected by the spine

32
Q

Why is it diffuclt to treat damage / brain tumours?

A

-Divide rapidly
-Radio and chemo therapy can kill cancer cells but also harm healthy cells
-BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER limmits drug delivery to the brain

33
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

nerve pathway for unconscious actions

34
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neutron?

A

-Receptor Cell
-Mylein sheeth covered axon
-Cell body
-Axon

35
Q

What does a sensory neuron do?

A

Recieves stimuli (from outside body) and sends info to relay neurone

36
Q

What does the dendtrites do?

A

Recieve information

37
Q

What do axons do?

A

Transmit information

38
Q

What is the axon terminal for?

A

-Transmit message to other cells

39
Q

What does the relay neurone do

A

allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate

40
Q

What is the Motor neurone’s structure?

A

-Dendtrites attached to cell
-Axon
-Axon terminal

41
Q

Where are synapses in a neurone?

A

-In between one neurones axon and the others dendrite
-its a GAP
-Neurones do not touch

42
Q

What is are the two neurones that sandwich the synpase called?

A

Presynaptic
Postsynaptic

43
Q

How do synapses work in reflex arc?

A

2)Presynaptic release neurotramsitters (chemical messengers)
3) diffuses across synapse (20nm)
4) Binds with receptor in postynaptic membrane
5) Stimulates a new nerve impulse

44
Q

What are the junctions between the synapse called?

A

synaptic cleft

45
Q

Where is the cornea and what does it do?

A

-Transparent covering at front of eye

-Directs light rays into the eye and helps it focus onto the retina

46
Q

Where is the lens and what does it do?

A

-Behind the iris (middlish frontish)
- Refracts light so it hits retina

47
Q

Where is the pupil and what does it do?

A

-Black hole at front centre
- Allows light into the eye

48
Q

Where is the iris and what does it do?

A

-Behind the cornea infront of the lens
-Controls pupil size

49
Q

Where is the cilary muscles and what does it do?

A
  • Attached to lens
  • Control lens shape
50
Q

Where is the retina and what does it do?

A

-Back of eye, first layer
-Contains light receptors
-Rods detect light intensity
-Cones detect colour/wavelength

51
Q

Where is the optic nerve and what does it do?

A

-Back of eye (stem looking)
-Sends impulses to the brain

52
Q

Where are the suspensory ligament and what do they do?

A

-Between lens and cilary muscles
-Fibres attach the two above

53
Q

How much does the cornea refract for viewing near objects?

A

Very little

54
Q

How much does the lens refract for viewing near objects?

A

More than cornea

55
Q

How do we view near objects?

A
  • Cilary muscles contract
  • Suspensory ligaments relax
  • thick round lense
56
Q

How do we view far objects?

A
  • Cilary muscles relax
  • Suspensory ligaments contact
  • Flatter, longer lens
57
Q

What is fovea and its function?

A

-Small dent in retina
-Has Cones

58
Q

Do cones work better in light or dark?

A

light

59
Q

What do cones do?

A
  • Detect wavelength of light
  • The colour
60
Q

What do rods do?

A

Detect light intensity

processed in black and white

61
Q

How are rods and cones arranged?

A

-Cones in the centre
-Rods more surrounding

62
Q

What colours can the cones detect?

A

Green, Red, Blue

63
Q

What is the virteous chamber

A

-Thick viscous
-Maintains eye shape

64
Q

How does the pupil change in bright light?

A

-Circular muscles contract
-Radial muscles relax
-Pupil becomes smaller

less light let in

65
Q

How does the pupil change in darkness?

A

-Circular muscles relax
-Radial muscles contract
-Pupil enlargens

more light let in

66
Q

What is cuases short sightedness?

A

-Light focused infront of retina
-Eyeball is too long/cornea too curved

67
Q

What is cuases long sightedness?

A

-Light focused behind of retina
-Eyeball is too short/cornea too flat

68
Q

How can short sight and long sight be fixed?

A

-Corrective lens
-Eye surgery (cutting cornea to reshape it)

69
Q

What type of lens for short sight?

A

-Concave (tree)

70
Q

What type of lens for long sight?

A

Convex (oval)

71
Q

What cuases cataracts

A

Protien build up

72
Q

What do cataracts cuase

A

cloudy vision

73
Q

How are cataracts fixed?

A

fualty lens replaced with plastic one

74
Q

What cuases colour blindess?

A

-Genetic disorder
-Passed by females (X chromosomes)

75
Q

Why are men more likely to be colour blind?

A
  • Girls need both X chromosomes to be fualty
  • Boys only need one X chromosome to be fualty

(XX) (XY)

GCSE- Biology (6 decks)

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