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GCSE- Biology > Topic 2- Cells and Control > Flashcards

Topic 2- Cells and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

x3

What is mitosis + what is it for?

A
  • Cell division and replication
  • Repair, Growth, reproduction
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2
Q

Where does Mitosis take place?

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

-Interphase
-Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anophase
-Telophase
-Cytokinosis

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4
Q

When does the nucleus break down?

A
  • Late prophase
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5
Q

What is Interphase?

And how much time to cells spend in it?

A
  • 90%
  • Cells/ Chromitids replicate
  • Into 2 chromatids with a centromere
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6
Q

What is Prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible

(in thier little pairs)

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7
Q

What is Metophase?

A

Chromosomes line up in the centre of the nucleus

One chromatid either side

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8
Q

What is Anophase?

A
  • Spindle fibres
  • Pull the chromatids to either side of the cell
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9
Q

What is Telophase?

A

-Nucleus made around both sides of chromotids

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10
Q

What is Cytokinosis?

A

-The cell cytoplasm splits
-Leaving two genetically identical duaghter cells

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11
Q

Why is mitosis important in growth, repair and
asexual reproduction?

A
  • Cells create new identical cells
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12
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • Changes/ mutations in cells
  • Cuase rapid cell division
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13
Q

What is cell and why important differentiation?

A

-Stem Cells divide and differentiate into specialised cells
-Need cells to perform different specialised functions

Muscle cells, nerve cells

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14
Q

How do plante grow?

3 words

A

-Cell division
-Elongation
-Differentiation

By meristems, the tip

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15
Q

Where does cell division take place in a plant?

A

-Tip
-Meristems

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16
Q

What is elongation and where does it take place in plants?

A
  • Further back than meristems
  • Become longer

meristem cells produce auxins, cuase receptors to allow hydrogen into cells
Lowers pH, activates enzyme to break hydrogen bonds between cell wall
Allows flexibility for cell to change/ elongate0-

17
Q

Do plants or animals maintain embryonic stem cells all their life

A

Plants

18
Q

What are embryonic stem cells and where are they in animals?

A
  • Differentiate into any cell
  • Found in embryos
19
Q

Against/Risks associated with using embryonic stem cells

A

-Ethical (embryo, could be a human)
-Hard to come by (only embryo of animals)

-Catch a disease before implanted in body
-May become cancerouse (divide rapidly)
-Body may reject it (immune supressers used, more suseptible to disease)

20
Q

What stem cells in animals are not only in the emrbyo for?

A

Differentiation into Blood
e.g White/red blood cells or plasma

21
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A

The back of the head just above the spinal cord

22
Q

What is the cerebellum for?

A

-Balance
-Muscle coordination
-Music

23
Q

Where are the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Either side of the main part of the brain

24
Q

x5

What do the cerebral hemisphere’s do?

A

-Control opposite side of the bodies movements
-Consciousness
-Intelligence
-Memory
-Language

25
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata?

A

-Bottom middle

26
Q

What does the medulla oblongate control?

A

-Unconsious activity
-Breathing rate
-Heartrate
-Blinking

27
Q

How does a CT scanner work?

A
  • X rays passed in all directions
  • Absorbed and transmitted by different parts of body
    -Produces image slices which are made into images by computers

Better at finding damaged areas

28
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A
  • Patien absorbs radioactive glucose
  • Emmits gamma rays
  • Areas that are used more (or cancerous) respire more and therefore absorb more of the glucose
  • Scan picks up which places emmit more gamma rays (being used more)

Better for discovering underlying activity

29
Q

Why is it diffuclt to treat damage in the brain?

A

-Hard to reach (encased in skull)
-Has delicate surrounding brain tissue

30
Q

Why is it diffuclt to treat damage in the spinal cord?

A

-No adult stem cells can differentiate
-Hard to acces as protected by the spine

31
Q

Why is it diffuclt to treat damage brain tumours?

A

-Divide rapidly
-Radio and chemo therapy can kill cancer cells but also harm healthy cells
-BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER limmits drug delivery to the brain

32
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

nerve pathway for unconscious actions

33
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neutron?

A

-Receptor Cell
-Mylein sheeth covered axon
-Cell body
-Axon

34
Q

What does a sensory neutron do?

A

Carriess messages to the brain

35
Q

What does the dendtrites do?

A

Recieve information

35
Q

What do axons do?

A

Transmit information

36
Q

What is the axon terminal for?

A

-Transmit message to other cells

37
Q

What does the receptor neurone do

A
38
Q

What is the Motor neurone’s structure?

A

-Dendtrites attached to cell
-Axon
-Axon terminal

GCSE- Biology (5 decks)

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