Topic 7 Angle Measurements; Traversing And Traverse Computations

Question 0

Types Errors in Traversing

Answer 0

Personal
Instrumental - can be reduced by double-sighting or double centering; need to check optical plummet.
Natural errors - temperature changes, refraction, wind.

Question 1

Mistakes in Traversing.

Answer 1

Leveling, recording the wrong number, failing to center the bubble, sighting the wrong number, sighting on the wrong target, leaning on tripod.

Question 2

Open Traverse

Answer 2

No mathematical check, extra care should be used in making measurements.

Question 3

Closed Traverse

Answer 3

Traverse begins and ends at same point, or ends at another known point.

Question 4

Traversing by Interior Angles

Answer 4

Many applications, especially convenient for property surveys.

Question 5

Traversing by Deflection Angle

Answer 5

Applications: route surveys, highways, railroads. For a closed traverse the sum of all deflection angles is 360 degrees.