Topic 7 Flashcards
How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?
Water is produced
More ATP is produced
Glucose is fully broken down
After glycolysis there are more stages (the link reaction, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation)
What is the total ATP yield from aerobic respiration?
38
What is the ATP yield from Glycolysis, Link reaction, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation?
Glycolysis - 2
Link reaction - 0
Krebs cycle - 2
Oxidative phosphorylation - 34
What is the Red NAD yield from Glycolysis, Link reaction and krebs cycle?
Glycolysis - 2
Link reaction - 2
Krebs cycle - 6
What is the Red FAD yield from Glycolysis, Link reaction and krebs cycle?
Glycolysis - 0
Link reaction - 0
Krebs cycle - 2
What is the CO2 yield from Glycolysis, Link reaction and krebs cycle?
Glycolysis - 0
Link reaction - 2
Krebs cycle - 4
What is the final carbon compound from Glycolysis, Link reaction and krebs cycle?
Glycolysis - Pyruvate (3c)
Link reaction - Acetyl COA (2c)
Krebs cycle - Oxaloacetate (6c)
Describe aerobic glycolysis.
Glucose is phosphorylated to from hexose bisphosphate (2ATP->2ADP)
Hexose bisphosphate is lysed into 2x triose phosphate which is then oxidised to produce 4ATP and 2NADH
Pyruvate is snow formed (x2)
Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
Describe the link reaction.
Only occurs when oxygen is available
(2)Pyruvate travels into the mitochondria via active transport
Pyruvate is oxidised to from (2x) acetate, CO2 and NADH
(2x) Acetate combines with CoA to form Acetyl COA
Describe the link reaction.
Acetyl CoA combines with Oxaloacetate (4c) to form citrate (6c)
CoA is then recycled
6c is oxidised to form 5c, NADH and CO2
5c is oxidised and dephosphorylated to form CO2, 2NADH, ATP, FADH and Oxaloacetate
(x2)
Describe oxidative phosphorylation.
carrier molecules receive hydrogen form NADH and FADH
Hydrogen is split
Electrons are passed along the ETC
Through a series of redox reactions
Energy released is used to pump H+ ions across the mitochondrial membrane by facilitated diffusion
ATP synthase adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
What attaches bones to muscle?
Tendons
What is the sarcolemma?
The membrane of muscle fibres
The sarcolemma folds inwards to the sarcoplasm at certain points.
What are transverse (T) tubules?
When the sarcolemma folds inwards to the sarcoplasm at certain points.
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
An organelle in the sarcoplasm that stores Ca ions
What are myofibrils?
Cylindrical organelles that run along the length of muscle fibres
The site of muscle contractions
What are sarcomeres?
Myofibrils are made of multiple units that run end to end along the myofibril. These units are called sarcomeres
What are z-lines?
The end of a sarcomere
Describe myofilaments?
Sarcomeres are made up of two types of myofilaments that slide past each other which makes muscles contract.
Thick myofilaments - made up of myosin protein
Thin myofilaments - made up of actin protein
What is thick myofilaments made up of?
Myosin protein
What is thin myofilaments made up of?
Actin protein
Describe how the heart contracts
SAN generates electrical impulse
Impulse propagates to the atrium and causes the atria to contract (fast)
SAN signal is also propagated to to AVN (slow)
Signal propagates from the AVN to the bundle of His
Electrical impulse then travels up the Purkinje fibres and causes ventricles to contract
Delay between atria and ventricular contraction allows for filling of the ventricles
What does a P wave show?
Atrial depolarisation and contraction
What does a T wave show?
Ventricular repolarisation
