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Biology > Topic 7 > Flashcards

Topic 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of muscle is used for movement?

A

skeletal, e.g. biceps and triceps

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2
Q

what do ligaments attach?

A

bones to bones

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3
Q

what do tendons attach?

A

muscles to bones

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4
Q

what is a flexor?

A

a muscle that contracts to bend a joint

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5
Q

what is an extensor?

A

a muscle that contracts to cause the extension of a joint

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6
Q

which muscle in on the top of the arm? is it an extensor or flexor?

A

biceps- flexor

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7
Q

which muscle is on the bottom of the arm? is it an extensor or flexor?

A

triceps- extensor

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8
Q

what is a pair of muscles that work together to move a bone called?

A

an antagonistic pair

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9
Q

why do muscles need to work in pairs?

A

they can only pull (when they contract) and not push, so two muscles of opposite directions are needed to create opposite forces

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10
Q

what are skeletal muscles made of?

A

large bundles of long cells called muscle fibres

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11
Q

what is the cell membrane of a muscle fibre cell called?

A

sarcolemma

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12
Q

what is the sarcolemma?

A

the cell membrane of a muscle fibre cell

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13
Q

what is the cytoplasm of muscle fibre cells called?

A

sarcoplasm

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14
Q

what are transverse T tubules?

A

inward folds of the sarcolemma which stick into the sarcoplasm

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15
Q

what is the function of the transverse T tubules?

A

help to spread electrical impulses throughout the sarcoplasm so they reach all parts of the muscle fibre

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16
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

a network of internal membranes that run through the sarcoplasm in a muscle fibre cell

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17
Q

what is the function of the sarcoplasm reticulum?

A

stores and releases calcium ions that are needed for muscle contraction

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18
Q

why do muscle fibre cells have lots of mitochondria?

A

to provide the ATP that’s needed for muscle contraction

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19
Q

which type of cell are multinucleate? what does this mean?

A

muscle fibre cells- have many nuclei

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20
Q

what are muscle fibres made of?

A

long, cylindrical organelles called myofibrils

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21
Q

what are myofibrils made of?

A

proteins

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22
Q

what are myofibrils highly specialised for?

A

contraction

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23
Q

what are myofibrils made of?

A

bundles of thick or thin myofilaments that move past each other to make muscles contract

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24
Q

what are thick myofilaments made of?

A

the protein myosin

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25
Q

what are thin myofilaments made of?

A

the protein actin

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26
Q

what does myofibril look like under a microscope?

A

has alternating dark and light bands

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27
Q

what are the dark bands in myofibril?

A

the thick myosin filaments and some overlapping thin actin filaments (A bands)

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28
Q

what are in A bands?

A

mostly thick myosin filaments which the ends overlapping with thin actin filaments

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29
Q

what are the light bands in myofibril?

A

thin actin filaments (I bands)

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30
Q

what are in I bands?

A

thin actin filaments

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31
Q

what is a sarcomere?

A

the short units which make up myofibril

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32
Q

what are Z lines?

A

they mark the end of each sarcomere, sarcomeres are joined lengthways at their Z lines

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33
Q

what is the M line?

A

marks the Middle of the sarcomere, is always in the Middle of the Myosin filament

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34
Q

what is the H zone?

A

the zones in the middle of the sarcomere- only contains myosin filaments

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35
Q

what is the theory which explains muscle contraction?

A

sliding filament theory

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36
Q

what fundamentally happens during contraction?

A

actin and myosin filaments slide over each other to shorten the sarcomere

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37
Q

during muscle contraction which zones/bands shorten and which stay the same length?

A

H-zone and I-band shorten
A bands stay the same length

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38
Q

what shorten during contraction?

A

sarcomeres, myofibrils and muscle fibres

39
Q

what are the features of the knee?

A

tendon, muscle, ligament, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, fibrous capsule, bone, pad of cartilage, cartilage

40
Q

what is the function of the synovial membrane?

A

secretes synovial fluid

41
Q

what is the function of the synovial fluid?

A

acts as a lubricant

42
Q

what is the function of the pad of cartilage?

A

gives additional protection

43
Q

what is the function of cartilage?

A

absorbs synovial fluid, acts as shock of absorber

44
Q

what is the function of the fibrous capsule?

A

encloses joints

45
Q

define tropomyosin

A

an actin-binding protein which regulates muscle contraction

46
Q

define troponin

A

a complex of three proteins, attached to tropomyosin

47
Q

what is the resting state of a muscle?

A

tropomyosin blocks binding site on actin

48
Q

what is the first step of muscle contraction?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions which bind to troponin

49
Q

what happens when the calcium ions bind to troponin?

A

troponin changes shape which causes tropomyosin to move so the myosin binding sites (on the actin) are exposed

50
Q

what happens once the myosin binding sites are exposed?

A

the myosin heads can bind to binding site on actin
actin-myosin cross bridge forms

51
Q

what happens after the actin-myosin cross bridge forms?

A

the myosin head nods forward causing the actin filaments to slide over the myosin filaments and the sarcomere shortens

52
Q

what happens after the sarcomere shortens?

A

ATPase in myosin head hydrolyses ATP and head moves back to original position- breaking cross bridge

53
Q

what is the final stage of muscle contraction?

A

myosin head reattaches to a different binding site further along the actin filament

54
Q

what is the equation for respiration?

A

glucose+oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

55
Q

what are the 2 types of respiration?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

56
Q

what are the stages in aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

where does the link reaction occur?

A

the matrix of the mitochondria

58
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

the cytoplasm

59
Q

where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

the matrix of the mitochondria

60
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

between the matrix and the inter-membrane space

61
Q

how many ATP are made in aerobic respiration?

A

38 total ATP

62
Q

what is involved in glycolysis?

A

the splitting of glucose

63
Q

what are the 2 stages of glycolysis?

A

phosphorylation and oxidation

64
Q

what is produced in glycolysis?

A

2x pyruvate, 2x ATP (net gain), 2x NADH

65
Q

what 2 things are needed for the link reaction?

A

pyruvate and co enzyme A

66
Q

what is produced in the link reaction? (per pyruvate not per glucose)

A

carbon dioxide, acetyl coA, and NADH

67
Q

what is needed for the Krebs cycle?

A

acetyl coA

68
Q

what is produced by the Krebs cycle? (per cycle not per glucose)

A

2x carbon dioxide, 3x NADH, FADH, ATP

69
Q

where do the H atoms come from in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

they are released as the coenzymes are oxidised

70
Q

where do the electrons go in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

move down ETC

71
Q

where do the H+ ions get pumped in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

from the matrix into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion

72
Q

what process occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

chemiosmosis

73
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration)?

A

oxygen

74
Q

what are the stages of anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis and lactate fermentation

75
Q

does aerobic respiration need oxygen?

A

yes

76
Q

does anaerobic respiration need oxygen?

A

no

77
Q

what is needed for lactate fermentation?

A

pyruvate

78
Q

what is made in lactate fermentation?

A

lactate/ lactic acid

79
Q

what can lactate be converted into in lactate fermentation?

A

cells can convert into pyruvate and liver cells can convert into glucose

80
Q

which type of muscle fibre uses aerobic respiration?

A

slow twitch

81
Q

which type of muscle fibre uses anaerobic respiration?

A

fast twitch

82
Q

which type of muscle fibre has lots of miochondria?

A

slow twitch

83
Q

which type of muscle fibre has few mitochondria?

A

fast twitch

84
Q

which type of muscle fibre contract quickly?

A

fast twitch

85
Q

which type of muscle fibre contract slowly?

A

slow twitch

86
Q

which type of muscle fibre is tired more quickly?

A

fast twitch

87
Q

where are slow twitch muscle fibres found?

A

in back and posture muscles

88
Q

where are fast twitch muscle fibres found?

A

in eye and leg muscles

89
Q

what activities are fast twitch fibres adapted for?

A

short bursts of speed and power- sprint

90
Q

what activities are fast twitch fibres adapted for?

A

endurance activities- marathon

91
Q

which type of muscle fibre has high blood supply?

A

slow twitch fibres

92
Q

what colour are fast twitch muscle fibres?why?

A

white as low levels of myoglobin (protein which stores oxygen)

93
Q

what colour are slow twitch muscle fibres? why?

A

red as rich in myoglobin (protein which stores oxygen)

Biology (9 decks)

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