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Topic 5 completed Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define ecosystem

A

a community of living organisms and the non-living components in an area which is self sustaining

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2
Q

give an example of an ecosystem

A

a woodland

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3
Q

define habitat

A

the environment where a species or group off species live

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4
Q

define community

A

populations of living things interacting with each other

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5
Q

define population

A

a group of organisms of the same species living together in the same area at the same time

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6
Q

what are biotic factors?

A

living factors

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7
Q

what are abiotic factors?

A

non-living factors

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8
Q

give 3 examples of biotic factors

A

competition, grazing, predation

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9
Q

give 5 examples of abiotic factors

A

climate, pollution, oxygen conc., edaphic (soil) factors, solar energy

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10
Q

define intraspecific competition

A

within the same species

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11
Q

define interspecific competition

A

between different species

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12
Q

define niche

A

the role a species plays within an ecosystem/habitat

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13
Q

define fundamental niche

A

describes the abiotic factors under which the species COULD survive

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14
Q

define realised niche

A

describes where the species ACTUALLY exists in the real world (takes into account other species)

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15
Q

define abundance/ population size

A

the number of individuals in one species in a particular area

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16
Q

define distribution

A

where a species is within a particular area

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of sampling?

A

random and systematic

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18
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

used if there is a change in abiotic factor in an area- belt or line transects

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19
Q

what is random sampling? and what do you measure?

A

compare two gridded areas by randomly placing quadrants and comparing abundance or biodiversity

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20
Q

how do primary and secondary succession differ?

A

primary is in an area that is devoid of life, secondary starts with soil and maybe some living species

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21
Q

describe the steps of primary succession

A

1- colonisation by pioneer species
2- a second species grows and outcompetes pioneer species
3- pioneer species dies creating nutrient for new species
4- this occurs repeatedly until a climax community is reached

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22
Q

define succession

A

the change in species inhabiting an area over time

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23
Q

how do woodland show succession?

A

rocks
lichen colonise and release minerals (pioneer species)
lichens die and decompose forming soil layer
mosses can grow
larger plants move in as soil deepens
shrubs, ferns and small trees grow outcompeting the grasses to become a dominant species
diversity increases
climax community is reached

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24
Q

why do some areas have different climax communities?

A

a temperate climate with water, a mild temp. and little change between seasons will be able to support large trees
a polar climate will only be able to support herbs or shrubs not trees but this is still a climax community

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25
Q

what is a plagioclimax?

A

when succession is stopped artificially by human activities such as mowing or grazing

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26
Q

what is biomass?

A

the mass of living material in an organism

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27
Q

what is GPP?

A

Gross Primary Productivity- the rate at which energy is converted into organic molecules in plants

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28
Q

what is NPP?

A

net primary productivity- the energy available for the next trophic level

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29
Q

what is the NPP/GPP equation?

A

NPP=GPP-R (respiratory loss)

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30
Q

on average what percentage of energy is passed to the next trophic level?

A

10%

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31
Q

what are the 2 types of organisms in a food chain?

A

producers and consumers

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32
Q

what are the positives of wind turbines?

A

will not increase atmospheric CO2

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33
Q

what is the carrying capacity?

A

the maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem can support

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34
Q

how are thylakoids adapted to their function?

A

large surface area to allow lots of light to be absorbed

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35
Q

what are grana?

A

stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplasts

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36
Q

what are lamellae?

A

bits of thylakoid membrane that keep grana apart to maintain high surface area

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37
Q

what are the surroundings around grana in chloroplasts?

A

stroma

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38
Q

what is a starch granule also called?

A

amyloplast

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39
Q

how is the chloroplast adapted for its function?

A

double membrane to keep reactants close to reaction site
lamella keep grana apart
lots of ATP synthase in thylakoid membrane
lots of photosynthetic pigment
stroma contains all enzymes, sugars, and organic acids needed for light dependent reaction

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40
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water +energy-> glucose + oxygen

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41
Q

what are the stages of photosynthesis?

A

light dependant and light independent

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42
Q

define phosphorylation

A

adding phosphates

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43
Q

define photosphorylation

A

adding phosphates using light

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44
Q

define photolysis

A

spitting a molecules using light energy

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45
Q

define hydrolysis

A

spitting a molecules using water

46
Q

define oxidation

A

loss of electrons or hydrogen ions, or gain of oxygen

47
Q

define redox reaction

A

a reaction that involves reduction and oxidation

48
Q

define reduction

A

gain in electrons or hydrogen ions, or loss of oxygen

49
Q

how does non-cyclic light dependent photosynthesis start?

A

a photon hits an electron in PSii

50
Q

what are the forms of the light dependant cycle in photosynthesis?

A

non-cyclic and cyclic

51
Q

what does non-cyclic light dependent photosynthesis produce?

A

ATP, NADPH and oxygen

52
Q

what happens in non-cyclic light dependent photosynthesis?

A

election excited, moves down ETC, energy used for photophosphorylation, photolysis replaces electron in PSii, electron reaches PSi and is hit again, combine with H+ and NADP to form NADPH, oxygen is released as a byproduct

53
Q

what happens in cyclic light dependent photosynthesis?

A

photon hits PSi and electron is excited, passed down ETC, chemiosmosis occurs, ATP produced, electron rejoins PSi

54
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

fluid-filled sacs in a chloroplast

55
Q

where does the light independent stage of photosynthesis occur?

A

the stroma of the chloroplast

56
Q

where does light dependent stage of photosynthesis occur?

A

thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast

57
Q

what happens in the light independent stage of photosynthesis?

A

the Calvin cycle: rubisco fixes CO2 to RuBP (5c), forms 6c unstable intermediate, 2x GP formed, 2 ATP used and 2 NADPH used, 2x GALP produced, loses 1c to form hexose sugars etc (2 GALP for 1 glucose), ATP used to reform RuBP

58
Q

what is the name of the light independent stage of photosynthesis?

A

The Calvin Cycle

59
Q

what are 5 pieces of evidence for climate change?

A

temperature records, dendrochronology, pollen in peat bogs, ice cores, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

60
Q

what are the issues for temperature records as evidence for climate change?

A

only since 1659 when they were less accurate

61
Q

how do peat bogs show evidence of climate change?

A

pollen is preserved, pollen is specific to each species, the depth of the pollen shows when in time the plant lived, species of plant shows weather conditions

62
Q

why is the pollen preserved in peat bogs?

A

anaerobic and acid conditions mean decomposers cannot breakdown pollen

63
Q

how does dendrochronology show evidence of climate change?

A

warm, wet, sunny weather= lots of photosynthesis= thicker rings

64
Q

where are the newer tree rings?

A

outside= newer

65
Q

what is measured in ice cores?

A

carbon dioxide levels

66
Q

define global warming

A

rapid increase in mean earth’s surface temperature over a period of time

67
Q

define climate change

A

a significant change in weather of a region usually over a period of several decades

68
Q

What are proxies?

A

additional pieces of information to help support evidence (of climate change)

69
Q

give 3 examples of human proxies for climate change

A

ship logs, newspapers, diaries

70
Q

define anthropogenic

A

caused by humans

71
Q

what radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the greenhouse effect?

A

infrared radiation

72
Q

what are the 4 greenhouse gases?

A

methane, carbon dioxide, water vapour, CFCs

73
Q

which greenhouses gases are most damaging?

A

CFCs and methane

74
Q

which greenhouse gas is largest in abundance?

A

carbon dioxide

75
Q

how are the greenhouse gases involved in the greenhouse effect?

A

the bonds allow the atoms to vibrate to and fro in time with heat radiation
they absorb the infrared radiation reflected by the earth

76
Q

what are the 2 ways of reducing methane levels?

A

increase recycling (reduce landfill)
replace fossil fuels with biofuels

77
Q

what are the 4 sources of carbon dioxide?

A

volcanic eruptions
deforestation
burning fossil fuels
decomposers respiring

78
Q

what are the 3 ways of reducing carbon dioxide levels?

A

use renewable energy instead of fossil fuels
increase public transport
reduce deforestation

79
Q

what does IPCC stand for?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

80
Q

what is the IPCC?

A

a group of scientists that extrapolates data on greenhouse gases to create possible scenarios

81
Q

how is climate change affecting weather pattens?

A

weather is becoming more frequent and more severe

82
Q

how is climate change affecting weather distribution?

A

areas which have never had hurricanes (Dubai) may get hurricanes and are not prepared

83
Q

what are the 6 effects of climate change?

A

changing rainfall patterns, seasonal cycle changes, rate of enzyme activity changes, life cycle changes, changes of distribution of species, time of pollination changes

84
Q

how is climate change affecting rate of enzyme activity?

A

as temperature increases the rate will increase, until the enzymes denature due to kinetic energy causing the molecules to vibrate and the bonds break- active site changes shape

85
Q

how is climate change affecting life cycles and development?

A

cold water fish- eggs cannot develop at high temperatures
cyanobacteria can produce toxins, as more bacteria grows (in warmer water) risk of harmful algal blooms increases

86
Q

how is climate change affecting the distribution of some species?

A

alpine plants are moving further up mountains as it is cooler
many animal species including European butterfly species are moving north towards the pole

87
Q

how is climate change affecting pollination?

A

the timing of the seasons is changing- the bees are pollinating earlier and the plants are flowering later

88
Q

why might some species be unable to migrate northwards?

A

plants may be unable to move, animals may be on an island, animals may have physical barriers or be in bodies of water which don’t flow north

89
Q

what are the 4 benefits of reforestation?

A

takes in more CO2 via photosynthesis
increases/ forms a carbon sink
increases biodiversity
provides more oxygen via photosynthesis

90
Q

what are biofuels?

A

made from biomass (material that is or was recently living)

91
Q

what are the 2 issues with biofuels?

A

deforestation of rainforest for space to grow biofuels ( loss of biodiversity)
ethical issues- using space to grow plants for burning but people are starving

92
Q

what are the positives of biofuels?

A

no net CO2 change
sustainable (mostly)

93
Q

what are the positives of wind turbines?

A

will not increase atmospheric CO2

94
Q

what are the 2 types of speciation?

A

allopatric and sympatric

95
Q

explain allopatric speciation

A

1- a species become physically separated
2- the 2 groups have different selection pressures
3- different advantageous alleles
4- different changes in allele frequency
5-differences in gene pools
6-populations become genetically distinct
7- will have become reproductively isolated

96
Q

explain sympatric speciation

A

a change occurs which results in 2 groups becoming reproductively isolated
- seasonal changes (individuals develop different flowering or mating seasons)
- mechanical changes (changes genitalia prevent successful mating)
- behavioural changes (changes in mating call)

97
Q

is allopatric or sympatric speciation due to geographical isolation?

A

allopatric

98
Q

what is geonomics?

A

science that uses DNA technology to determine the base sequence of an organism’s genome and the function of its genes

99
Q

what does geonomics allow?

A

comparisons to be made between organisms DNA

100
Q

how does geonomics give evidence for evolution?

A

closely related species have diverged more recently and so will have more similar DNA as less time has passed for changes to occur

101
Q

what is proteomics?

A

the study of proteins- size, shape and amino acid sequence

102
Q

how does proteomics give evidence for evolution?

A

closely related organisms have similar DNA sequences and so similar amino acid sequences. more closely related organisms diverged more recently and so have similar DNA and proteins

103
Q

what are the 3 ways scientists share and discuss ideas?

A

conferences, peer review, scientific journals

104
Q

what are scientific journals?

A

academic magazines used to share new ideas, theories, experiments, evidence and conclusions. This allows any data collected to be replicated and make sure the data is reliable

105
Q

what is peer review?

A

before publishing scientists in the same area of science read and review the work. They check the work is valid and supports the conclusion

106
Q

what are conferences?

A

meetings that scientists attend to discuss each others work. some scientists may present their work as a poster presentation or lecture. they are easy ways for the latest theories and evidence to be shared and discussed

107
Q

what is the equation for Q10?

A

rate at higher temperature/ rate at lower temperature (have to have difference of 10 degrees)

108
Q

what does a Q10 of 3 mean?

A

rate has tripled with increase of 10 degrees

109
Q

what does a Q10 of 2 mean?

A

rate has doubled with increase of 10 degrees

110
Q

what does a Q10 of 1 mean?

A

rate is not affected by change in temperature

111
Q

what does a Q10 of 0.5 mean?

A

rate has halved with increase of 10 degrees

Biology (9 decks)

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