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Biology > Topic 1- complete > Flashcards

Topic 1- complete Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define cohesive

A

the attraction between molecules of the same type (water)

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2
Q

why does the left ventricle have thicker walls than the right ventricle?

A

the left needs to pump blood all around the body so needs a more powerful contraction

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3
Q

why does the right ventricle have thinner walls than the left ventricles?

A

the right only needs to pump blood to the lungs which are nearby

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4
Q

why do the ventricles have thicker walls than the atria?

A

the atria only have to pump blood to the ventricles but the ventricles have to pump blood out of the heart

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5
Q

why do the veins have valves?

A

lower pressure than arteries so valves stop back flow of blood

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6
Q

describe features of the arteries

A

thick-walled, muscular, elastic tissue to cope with high pressure (away from heart), endothelium is folded to allow artery to expand, narrow lumen

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7
Q

describe features of the veins

A

wide lumen, thin muscle tissue, valves, low pressure (back towards heart)

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8
Q

describe features of the capillaries

A

smallest, endothelium 1 cell thick to allow effective diffusion as it lowers diffusion distance, networks of capillaries in tissue called capillary beds increase surface area

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9
Q

what has to be damaged for an atheroma to form?

A

the endothelium

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10
Q

what response is triggered by damage to the endothelium?

A

the inflammatory response

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11
Q

what are the fatty steaks in the formation of the atheroma made of?

A

white blood cells and lipids clumped together

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12
Q

what are atheromas made of?

A

white blood cells, lipids and connective tissue

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13
Q

why do atheromas increase blood pressure?

A

plaque partially blocks the lumen of the artery and restrict blood flow

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14
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

the hardening of the arteries caused by atheromas

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15
Q

how can atheromas increase risk of thrombosis?

A

the atheroma can rupture, causing a blood clot to form at the rupture site (thrombosis=blood clotting)

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16
Q

what is the enzyme in the blood clotting cascade?

A

thrombin

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17
Q

what is a blood clot made of?

A

fibrin, platelets, red blood cells

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18
Q

how can a blood clot cause heart attacks?

A

a clot can block a coronary artery which stops blood supply to the heart muscles. this can cause damage and death of heart muscles

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19
Q

what is a stroke?

A

a rapid loss of brain function due to a disruption in the blood supply to the brain

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20
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis?

A

the formation of a blood clot in a vein deep inside the body

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21
Q

what are the causes of deep vein thrombosis?

A

prolonged inactivity (flights) and risk increases with age

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22
Q

how does diet increase risk of CVD?

A

a diet high in saturated fats increases blood cholesterol which increases atheroma formation. A diet high in salt also increases risk of high blood pressure

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23
Q

how does high blood pressure increase risk of CVD?

A

increases risk of damage to artery walls which increases risk of atheroma formation

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24
Q

what lifestyle factors increase high blood pressure?

A

excessive alcohol consumption, stress, diet

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25
Q

how does smoking increase risk of CVD?

A

CO in cigarettes reduces oxygen supply which can cause a heart attack if heart muscle is starved of oxygen

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26
Q

how can inactivity increase risk of CVD?

A

increases blood pressure

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27
Q

what lifestyle factors increase risk of CVD?

A

diet, smoking and inactivity

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28
Q

how can genetics increase risk of CVD?

A

different alleles mean some people are more likely to have high cholesterol or high blood pressure

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29
Q

how can age increase risk of CVD?

A

risk of CVD increases with age, this is partially due to plaque which can build up over time

30
Q

how can gender increase risk of CVD?

A

men are 3x more likely to have CVD than pre-menopausal women, this may be due to hormones (estrogen increases levels of HDL)

31
Q

what are the 4 types of drugs which can treat CVD?

A

antihypertensives, statins, anticoagulants and platelet inhibitory drugs

32
Q

how do antihypertensives treat CVD?

A

reduce high blood pressure so less chance of damage to the endothelium (less risk of atheroma’s)

33
Q

what are the types of antihypertensives?

A

beta-blockers, diuretics and vasodilators

34
Q

how do beta- blockers reduce high blood pressure?

A

reduce the strength of the heart beat

35
Q

how do diuretics reduce high blood pressure?

A

reducing the amount of sodium which is reabsorbed by the blood in the kidneys. this means less water is retained which reduces blood volume

36
Q

how do vasodilators reduce blood pressure?

A

widen the blood vessels

37
Q

what are the benefits of antihypertensives?

A

can be used in combination with each other as they work differently

38
Q

what are the risks of antihypertensives?

A

palpitations, abnormal heart rhythms, fainting, headaches, drowsiness, allergic reactions, depression

39
Q

how do statins treat CVD?

A

reduce blood cholesterol by reducing LDL (bad) produced in the liver, this lowers atheroma formation

40
Q

what are the benefits of statins?

A

reduce the risk of CVD

41
Q

what are the risks of statins?

A

muscle and joint pain, digestive system problems, increased risk of diabetes, nosebleeds, headaches, nausea

42
Q

how do anticoagulants treat CVD?

A

reduce blood clotting so clots less likely to form at sites of damaged blood vessels and block blood flow

43
Q

what are the benefits of anticoagulants?

A

can be used to treat people with existing clots or CVD as they prevent from growing

44
Q

what are the risks of anticoagulants?

A

if injured excessive bleeding may occur, allergic reactions, swelling, damage to fetus if taken in pregnancy

45
Q

give two examples of anticoagulants

A

warfarin and heparin

46
Q

how do platelet inhibitory drugs treat CVD?

A

type of anticoagulant so prevent platelets clumping together to form a blood clot

47
Q

what are the risks of platelet inhibitory drugs?

A

rashes, diarrhea, nausea, liver function problems, excessive bleeding

48
Q

what reaction joins two monosaccharides together?

A

condensation

49
Q

what bond holds two monosaccharides together?

A

glycosidic

50
Q

give 4 examples of monosaccharides

A

alpha and beta glucose, galactose and fructose

51
Q

give 3 examples of disaccharides

A

lactose, sucrose, maltose

52
Q

give 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

53
Q

what is the main energy storage material in plants?

A

starch

54
Q

what are the 2 structures of starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin (alpha glucose)

55
Q

describe the structure of amylose

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds, coiled structure, unbranched, compact

56
Q

describe the structure of amylopectin

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, coiled structure with branches, side branches allow molecule to be quickly hydrolysed as more enzymes can bind

57
Q

is starch soluble in water?

A

no. this means it doesn’t cause water to enter cells via osmosis which would make them swell so starch is good for storage

58
Q

what is the main energy storage material in animals?

A

glycogen

58
Q

what is the monosaccharide glycogen is made of?

A

alpha glucose

59
Q

describe the structure of glycogen

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, many branches, compact, insoluble, large so lots of energy

60
Q

what are triglycerides a type of?

A

lipid

61
Q

what are triglycerides made of?

A

one glycerol and 3 fatty acids

62
Q

what are fatty acids made of?

A

a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group

63
Q

are fatty acids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?- what does this mean?

A

hydrophobic so lipids are insoluble in water

64
Q

how are triglycerides formed?

A

by condensation reactions between 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol, 3 water is released and 3 ester bonds form

65
Q

where are saturated fats found?

A

in animal fats

66
Q

where are unsaturated fats found?

A

in plants

67
Q

which type of lipids melt at lower temperatures?

A

unsaturated

68
Q

which fats increase risk of CVD?

A

saturated

69
Q

describe High Density Lipoproteins

A

mainly protein, transport cholesterol from body tissues to the liver where it is recycled or excreted, reduce cholesterol levels

70
Q

describe Low Density Lipoproteins

A

mainly lipid, transport cholesterol from liver to blood, increase blood cholesterol

Biology (9 decks)

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