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Biology > Topic 7 > Flashcards

Topic 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a community?

A

The populations of different species living in a habitat.

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2
Q

What is the definition for an ecosystem?

A

The interaction of a community of biotic organisms with the abiotic parts of their environment.

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3
Q

What are some examples of abiotic factors?

A
  • Rainfall.
  • Light intensity.
  • Temperature.
  • Carbon dioxide level.
  • Wind intensity and direction.
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4
Q

What are some examples of biotic factors?

A
  • New predators arriving.
  • Competition.
  • New pathogens.
  • Availability of food.
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5
Q

What are the structural adaptations of a camel?

A
  • Thin layer of fat.
  • Thin fur.
  • Large surface to volume ratio.
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6
Q

What are the structural adaptations of an arctic fox?

A
  • White fur for camouflage.
  • Thick fur.
  • Small surface area to volume ratio.
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7
Q

What is an example of a behavioural adaptation?

A

The migration of swallows to avoid cold conditions.

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8
Q

What are the functional adaptations of desert animals?

A
  • Produce very little sweat.
  • Produce very little urine.
  • Produce very concentrated urine.
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9
Q

What are the functional adaptations of a brown bear during hibernation?

A

Low metabolism.

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10
Q

What is an extremophile?

A

A microorganism adapted to very extreme conditions.

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11
Q

What is biomass?

A

The energy stored in a plant or organism.

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12
Q

Using quadrats RQP?

A
  • Mark out a line using a tape measure.
  • Collect data along the line by counting the organisms on the line.
  • Or use a quadrat, placed next to each other or at equal intervals along a line.
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13
Q

What environmental changes affect the distribution of organisms?

A
  • Water availability.
  • Temperature.
  • Atmospheric gas composition.
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14
Q

What are the 4 stages of the water cycle?

A
  1. Evaporation & Transpiration.
  2. Condensation.
  3. Precipitation.
  4. Percolation.
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15
Q

What 4 factors speed up decay?

A
  • Warm temperatures.
  • A moist atmosphere.
  • Oxygen rich conditions.
  • More decay organisms.
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16
Q

What are the 4 routes for carbon in the carbon cycle?

A
  1. Photosynthesis.
  2. Respiration.
  3. Movement through the food chain.
  4. Combustion.
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17
Q

How is biogas made?

A

Different microorganisms decay plant and animal waste anaerobically to create methane.
Sludge waste from sewage works and sugar factories can also produce biogas.

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18
Q

What are the two types of biogas generators?

A

Batch generators and continuous generators.

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19
Q

What is a batch generator?

A
  • Makes biogas in small batches.
  • Manually loaded with waste.
  • By-products are cleared after each batch.
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20
Q

What is a continuous generator?

A
  • Makes biogas all the time.
  • Waste is continuously fed in.
  • Suited to large scale projects.
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21
Q

What does a biogas generator need?

A
  • An inlet for waste material.
  • An outlet for digested material.
  • An outlet for the biogas.
22
Q

INVESTIGATING DECAY

A
23
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A
  • Creates stable ecosystems (due to interdependence).
  • Biodiversity allows the human species to survive.
24
Q

How do we pollute the water?

A
  • Sewage.
  • Toxic chemicals such as herbicides.
25
Q

How do we pollute the land?

A
  • Toxic chemicals.
  • Nuclear waste.
  • Household waste (landfill).
26
Q

How do we pollute the air?

A
  • Smoke.
  • Acidic gases.
27
Q

What are the effects of global warming?

A
  • Causes sea water rise.
  • The distribution of wildlife may change.
  • Changes in migration patterns may occur.
  • Reduction in biodiversity.
28
Q

Why is deforestation bad for biodiversity?

A

Deforestation leads to habitat loss.
The rising temperature may also effect some species.

29
Q

What are the characteristics of bogs?

A
  • Acidic.
  • Waterlogged.
30
Q

How does peat form?

A

In bogs, the lack of oxygen means plants don’t fully decay. These partially rotted plants build up to form peat.

31
Q

Why do we destroy peat bogs?

A
  • Use as farmland.
  • Use as fertiliser.
  • Use as fuel.
32
Q

Why is the drainage of peat bad for the environment?

A

Drainage exposes the peat to oxygen, allowing the microorganisms to decompose it.

33
Q

How do we increase biodiversity?

A
  • Breeding programmes.
  • Programmes and laws that protect rare habitat.
  • The reintroduction of hedgerows and field margins.
  • Regulations to reduce deforestation.
  • Recycling to reduce the use of landfills.
34
Q

Why is the maintaining of biodiversity difficult?

A
  • It’s expensive.
  • It can disrupt peoples livelihoods.
  • It can disrupt agriculture & food security.
  • Protecting the environment sometimes limits development.
35
Q

Why is biomass lost at each trophic level?

A
  • Organisms don’t always eat every single part of the organism they’re consuming.
  • Organisms don’t absorb all of the biomass from the food they ingest.
  • Some biomass has been converted into glucose.
36
Q

What factors affect food security?

A
  • New pests & pathogens.
  • Bad weather.
  • Increase in global population
  • Higher demand for food as countries develop.
  • The price of farming such as the cost of seeds.
  • Conflict.
37
Q

How do we tackle overfishing?

A
  • Fishing quotas.
  • Net size management.
38
Q

What fish are at risk of disappearing from their usual areas?

A

Cod from the NW Atlantic.

39
Q

How do we make meat & fish production more efficient?

A
  • Factory farming for fish and livestock.
  • High protein diets.
  • Limit their use of energy.
40
Q

What are the issues with factory farming?

A
  • Disease spreads very easily.
  • There are ethical objections.
41
Q

What is the name for food from fungi?

A

Mycoprotein

42
Q

Why is fungi a useful food source?

A
  • Can be made in large quantities.
  • It makes high protein meat substitutes.
43
Q

How do we make human insulin via bacteria?

A
  1. A plasmid is removed from the bacterium.
  2. An insulin gene is cut out of a human chromosome using a restriction enzyme. This creates a DNA strand with unpaired bases.
  3. The plasmid is cut open using the same restriction enzyme.
  4. The plasmid and human gene are mixed together.
  5. Ligase joins the sticky ends together.
  6. The recombinant is inserted into a bacterium.
44
Q

What is a sticky end?

A

A single DNA strand that has unpaired bases.

45
Q

What is a recombinant?

A

Two bits of different DNA stuck together.

46
Q

Why are GM crops used?

A
  • Can be made resistant to pests.
  • Can be modified to withstand harsh conditions.
  • Can be modified to provide specific nutrients.
47
Q

Why are GM crops controversial?

A
  • It is argued that people go hungry due to a lack of money, not food.
  • There are fears that poor countries may become dependent on companies who sell GM crops.
  • Poor soil can be to blame for crop failure.
48
Q

What fungi is used to make mycoprotein?

A

Fusarium

49
Q

How do we grow mycoprotein?

A

In aerobic conditions on glucose syrup at a specific temperature.

50
Q

Investigating decay RQP?

A
  1. Measure 5cm^3 of lipase solution and pour into a labelled test tube.
  2. Measure 5cm^3 of milk into a different test tube.
  3. Add 5 drops of phenolphthalein to the milk.
  4. Then measure 7cm^3 of sodium carbonate and add it to the milk. It will be alkaline.
  5. Put both in a water bath at 30°c until they reach the temperature desired.
  6. Use a calibrated pipette to put 1cm^3 of lipase into the milk. Start a stopwatch. Stir.
  7. As soon as clear, stop the stopwatch. Record.
  8. Repeat at different temperatures. Repeat each to get a mean.

Biology (4 decks)

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